Land Flashcards by Yan Garcia

land overgrown with weeds {CN}

acahualla

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canal(s)

(central Mexico, 1583)
[Fuente: see Annals of His Time: Don Domingo de San Anton Mui±on Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala, eds. and transl. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 28, 34, 80, 84, 94, 96, and 158.[Fuente: {CN}

acallotli

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canal; canals

central Mexico, sixteenth century
[Fuente: R. Joe Campbell, Florentine Codex Vocabulary, 1997 .] {CN}

acalotli

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to support a maize plant so that it will grow {CN}

acatia

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seed {CN}

achtli

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to plow the land {CN}

actitlaza

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He/She-lies-supine; in the Treatise, a metaphorical name for land

(Atenango, between Mexico City and Acapulco, 1629)
[Fuente: Hernando Ruiz de Alarcon, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629, eds. and transl. J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 220.] {CN}

Ahquetztimani

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place of the persons who have water; part of a longer expression referring to towns: in ahuacan in tepehuacan = in the towns; water-possessor place, hill-possessor place; part of altepetl (atl + tepetl) (SW) {CN}

ahuacan

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to irrigate an orchard or crops {CN}

ahuilia

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orchard; or, an intensively cultivated garden (one example specifically mentions growing flowers in the huerta)
(a loanword from Spanish)

[Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 210.] {CN}

alahuerta

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a Spanish dry measure, one-twelfth of a fanega, typically used to explain how much land can be planted in this quantify of seed
(a loanword from Spanish)

[Fuente: The Tlaxcalan Actas: A Compendium of the Records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala (1545-1627), eds. James Lockhart, Frances Berdan, and Arthur J.O. Anderson (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1986), 15; and see Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 26.] {CN}

almud

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a plant native to Spain; also called almorta

(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

alverjon

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papers, land titles {CN}

amayotl

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toward the agricultural fields with irrigation, acuatic plantings; also seems to have an association with “south” (likely given that the chinampa agriculture was in the southern part of the capital city)

[Fuente: Miguel Leon-Portilla, “Un testimonio de Sahagiºn aprovechado por Chimalpahin, “ Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 14 (1980), 95â€“129; see pp. 120â€“121.] {CN}

amilpampa

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protection in one’s possession, e.g. of property

(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

amparo

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next to the water; i.e. Mexico Tenochtitlan, Mexico City, or the Valley of Mexico; or, on the coast

[Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood’s notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}

anahuac

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a metal tool for working the soil, often equated with tlaltepoztli
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

anzadon

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to submerge something or irrigate the crops {CN}

apachoa

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irrigation ditch {CN}

apamitl

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between irrigation ditches {CN}

apantla

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to flatten out the ground in order to raise a wall without laying foundations {CN}

aquequeza

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ravine, canyon
“sustantivo verbal, ‘barranca, quebrada, cai±ada’. De atl, ‘agua, ‘ acoa, el impersonal de aqui, ‘meterse, penetrar’.”

[Fuente: Thelma Sullivan, Documentos Tlaxcaltecas del siglo XVI en lengua ni¡huatl (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1987), 40.] {CN}

atlacoua

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to dig in relation to water, usually to make excavations related to drainage {CN}

atlatataca

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to make the land fertile and introduce irrigation ditches in it {CN}

atocpachoa

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thick and fertile soil (see Molina) {CN}

atocpan

alluvial soil; a piece of moist, fertile land [Fuente: The alluvial soil interpretation comes from: Benno P. Warkentin, Footprints in the Soil: People and Ideas in Soil History (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006), 23.] {CN}

atoctlalli

thick, humid, and fertile soil (see Molina) {CN}

atoctli

river {CN}

atoyac

river (see Karttunen) {CN}

atoyatl

one who owns property (see Simeon) {CN}

axca hua

possession, property (see Karttunen) {CN}

axcaco

a person with many possessions, someone wealthy (see Karttunen) {CN}

axcahua

possession of property (see Molina) {CN}

axcapializtli

to plant squash seeds {CN}

ayotoca

a general planting of squash seeds; everyone is planting squash seeds {CN}

ayotoco

``` fallow land (a loanword from Spanish) {CN} ```

barbecho

a considerable piece of land, intended to hold 12 fanegas of seed and measure 552 by 1104 varas (Spanish yards) or 609, 408 square varas, could also be divided into four suertes (a loanword from Spanish) [Fuente: John Roy Reasonover, Land Measures (1946).] {CN}

caballeria

a cacao tree {CN}

cacahuacuahuitl

tree planted to give shade to cacao shrubs (see Karttunen) {CN}

cacahuanantli

house lot or some type of parcel or group of furrows near the house {CN}

calacuemitl

good land, main holding generally near house [Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood's notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}

calmiltzintli

land of the calpulli, land of the calpolli; possibly land that was used by residents to raise tributes (see attestations); combines calpulli with tlalli calpullalli = calpulli land [Fuente: Susan Kellogg, Law and the Transformation of Aztec Culture, 1500-1700, ( Norman and London: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1995), p. 222.] {CN}

calpullalli

land planted in cherry trees (or cherry-like fruit) {CN}

capulla

a load; also, a measure of maize seed, which also translates into a certain amount of land (e.g. a field into which can be planted one carga of maize) (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

carga

"Castillian maize, " i.e. wheat (see attestations, where this is contrasted with "nican tlaolli," the local grain, i.e. maize/corn) {CN}

caxtillan tlaolli

One Flint; a celendrical name; once the calendrical name for Huitzilopochtli; in the Treatise, it was the ritual name for seeds (Atenango, between Mexico City and Acapulco, 1629) [Fuente: Hernando Ruiz de Alarcon, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629, eds. and transl. J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 221.] {CN}

Ce Tecpatl

One Rabbit; a year sign and year counter of the south; it was the first year sign in the sequence; its pending arrival was a cause of great fear that famine would occur (see Sahagiºn) [Fuente: Fr. Bernardino de Sahagiºn, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 7 -- The Sun, Moon, and Stars, and the Binding of the Years, Number 14, Part 8, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1953), 21, 23.] also, a calendrical name used for Mayahuel, Xiuhteuctli, or Tlalteuctli; but, in the Treatise, it is used as a ritual name for land (Atenango, between Mexico City and Acapulco, 1629) [Fuente: Hernando Ruiz de Alarcon, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629, eds. and transl. J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 221.] {CN}

Ce Tochtli

barley | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

cebada

half a "fanega" (Spanish measure relating to agricultural harvests and seeds) [Fuente: Thelma Sullivan, Documentos Tlaxcaltecas del siglo XVI en lengua ni¡huatl (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1987), 47.] {CN}

cenhuacal

a dry maize husk (see Molina) {CN}

cenizuatl

field between walls [Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood's notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}

centepamitl

to sprinkle wheat, maize, or other seed on the ground (planting) {CN}

chachayahua

land associated with the household and family (used in Ocotelulco, for example) {CN}

chancuemitl

a plant from whose seeds an edible oil was secured [Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 214.] {CN}

chian

land of the Chichimecs, Chichimec country {CN}

chichimecapan

a digging stick or plow, with a sideways or crooked element? (see also huictli) {CN}

chicohuictli

Seven Flower, the name of the deity that gave birth to maize; also, the name of a religious observance with agricultural associations (especially maize and water) and involving offerings of maize {CN}

Chicome Xochitl

to plant chia seeds (see Molina) {CN}

chien cuema

to plant chile pepper plants {CN}

chilcuema

to transplant chile pepper plants {CN}

chilli nicaaquia

to plant chile pepper plants {CN}

chilteca

to harvest chile peppers from the plot where they are grown {CN}

chiltequi

to burn fields or someone's crops {CN}

chinalhuia

a long narrow extension of farm land built by human hands and stretching into the lakes around Mexico City (see also chinamitl) [Fuente: S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 235.] {CN}

chinampa

a person of the region where chinampa agriculture is practiced; a person from the communities of Xochimilco, Cuitlahuac, and Itztapalapan, etc. (plural: chinampaneca) (see the Florentine Codex Book 12, Chapter 33, and attestations) {CN}

chinampanecatl

to gather cane or cornstalks (see Karttunen) {CN}

chinampepena

to cut cane or cornstalks (see Karttunen) {CN}

chinantequi

to burn fields {CN}

chinoa

a seed from which oil is extracted {CN}

chiyantli

a cultivated field (milli) linked to a noblewoman (cihuapilli) {CN}

cihuapilmilli

land belonging to a woman; perhaps dowry land or land inherited through female line {CN}

cihuatlalli

a measure of maize seed (equivalent to half a fanega of maize) {CN}

cohuacali

to contradict, or protest the possession of land asserted by another person (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

contradecir

to unyoke the oxen (see Molina) {CN}

cuacuahue nictlatotomilia

a plow pulled by an animal (see Molina) {CN}

cuacuahue yelimiqhuia

a yoke for plowing with oxen (see Molina) {CN}

cuacuahue yn cemilhuitlaelimic

to break up dirt clods (see Molina) {CN}

cuapayana

scrub brush in the woods (see Molina) {CN}

cuauh matlatl

a corn (maize) granary made of wooden sticks {CN}

cuauhcuezcomatl

a member of the cacao family of trees (see attestations) {CN}

cuauhpatlachtli

a farm worker or a commoner (see Molina); literally, someone who lives from the woods, from the plants {CN}

cuauhtica nemi, quiltica nemi

a type of land, possibly deriving from quahuitl, â€œtree(s), â€ meaning wooded land or woods, or alternatively, deriving from quauhtli, â€œeagle, â€ a type of conquered land [Fuente: S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 236.] {CN}

cuauhtlalli

to mark boundaries or borders; can also imply a measuring of the land within given boundaries (see Molina) {CN}

cuaxochtia

to count agricultural furrows or eras {CN}

cuecuempohua

a land that is full of ravines, craggy, mountainous, hilly, full of woods and thickets (see Molina) {CN}

cuecuetlanquitepetl

to plow or turn over the field with a plow (see Molina) {CN}

cuematlauhchihua

to work the soil; to work the land (see Molina); literally, to "make" or work the cuemitl {CN}

cuenchihua

to jump over a stream or something similar (see Molina) {CN}

cuencholhuia

purchased land {CN}

cuencohualli

to make ridges or furrows in order to plant something {CN}

cuentataca

to make ridges or furrows (for agriculture) {CN}

cuenteca

a round piece of land, or perhaps a parcel with sides measuring all the same length {CN}

cuenyahualli

to winnow wheat, or something similar (see Molina) {CN}

ecaquetza

to pick beans or lima beans by uprooting the plants (see Molina) {CN}

ehuihuitla

a rural, small-scale cultivator, one who works the land (see Simeon) {CN}

elemicqui

to cultivate the soil (see attestations) {CN}

elemiqui

to cultivate or plow the land (see Molina); to till the soil (see Karttunen); to cultivate (land) (see Lockhart) {CN}

elimiqui

immature maize [Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood's notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}

elotzintli

today, in parts of rural Mexico, a heavy harrow pulled by oxen and used to prepare the soil for sowing (a loanword from Spanish) [Fuente: Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 248. A personal communication from Eliazar Herni¡ndez.] {CN}

escarami¡n

a notarial document recording a bill of sale; see also our entry for "carta de venta, " which had the same meaning) (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

escritura de venta

to pick beans by hand or with a knife (see Molina) {CN}

etequi

bean patch (see Karttunen) {CN}

etla

to plant beans (see Molina) {CN}

etlaza

to plant all beans, or lima beans, etc. (see Molina) {CN}

etlazo

Europe | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

Europa

a Spanish dry measure, the equivalent of a bushel and a half; also used as a measure of land (a loanword from Spanish) a grain measure and a land measure (that portion of grain required for sowing a certain plot of land) [Fuente: Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 26.] {CN}

fanega

permanent employee, especially in a rural context (a loanword from Spanish) [Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 217.] {CN}

gai±i¡n

a city of western Mexico | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

Guadalajara

an estate; a significant agricultural or stockraising property (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

hacienda

a plantation of fig trees (see Molina) | (derived from a loanword from Spanish, higos, figs) {CN}

hicoxcuauhtla

pertaining to orchards; or a person who watches or cultivates orchards (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

hortelano

something dry, dried up {CN}

huac

inherited land, ancestral land, patrimonial land {CN}

huehuetlalli

orchard (see also the entry, "alahuerta") | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

huerta

a willow grove, and a common place name (see Karttunen); for instance, a well known central Mexican altepetl is now called Huejutla {CN}

huexotla

briar patch (see Karttunen) {CN}

huihuitztla

to waste the estate, to let the estate go to waste (see Molina) {CN}

ilihuizpopoloa

the portion (of a lawsuit; or especially of an inheritance); (his or her) inheritance, share, portion [Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood's notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}

inemac

and if you did not have property (see Molina) {CN}

intlacatle maxca

to use, work, or employ in something related to the farm (see Molina) {CN}

ipan nitlaaquia

a place name; a community in the southern basin of Mexico, near Xochimilco and Cuitlahuac; one of the chinampa agricultural communities (see the Florentine Codex Book 12, Chapter 33) {CN}

Itztapalapan

to loosen the soil (see Molina) {CN}

ixmolonia

to take care of the country estate, or to look out for another (see Molina) {CN}

ixpia

to flatten the ground by filling up the holes (see Molina) {CN}

ixtema

plain or plains, unpopulated flat land [Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 222.] {CN}

ixtlahuacan

bottom land that is cultivated (see Molina) {CN}

ixtlahuacan milli

the country of origin or native land of someone (see Molina) {CN}

iyolcan yquizcan

for the grain crop to ripen (see Molina) {CN}

iztaztoc

boundary, boundary line, boundary marker {CN}

lindero

to bring down the tree branch to get things from it; or, to twist one's hand or fling it out; or, to twist the hand or arm of another person (see Molina) {CN}

macueloa

an agave plant | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

maguey

a mountain near Tlaxcala, named for the goddess of ground waters (rivers and lakes) or feminine waters (as opposed to celestial waters, governed by Tlaloc); as such, she is related to Chalchiuhtlicue (Jade Skirt) the goddess of this type that is represented in the Codex Borgia; the mountain is also known as Malintzin and Malinche today {CN}

Matlalcueye

to throw dirt with the hands (see Molina) {CN}

matlalhuia

Farm laborers or tenants. In the plural, mayeque. These were "tenants on the patrimonial lands of the nobles, and in lieu of paying tribute to the state directly, they paid it to their noble overlord. They received an allotment of land for their own use, and in return were required to cultivate their master's land, provide domestic service, keep his household supplied with water and firewood, supply kitchen help, give one or more turkeys at specified intervals, spin and weave fibres, and provide other goods and services on a regular basis." [Fuente: Frederic Hicks, "Dependent Labor in Prehispanic Mexico, " Estudios de cultura ni¡huatl 11 (1974), 251.] {CN}

mayectli

to brand livestock with fire (see Molina) {CN}

mazamachiotia

to hoe a field, to weed (see IDIEZ) {CN}

mehua

to work the land in preparation for planting it (see Molina) {CN}

melimiqui

a field of melons | (partially a loanword from Spanish, melon; see Molina) {CN}

melon milpa

quince (the fruit) | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

membrillo

grant, permission, or a grant of privilege or of land | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

merced

to plant magueyes (agave plants) (see Molina) {CN}

meteca

terrace, embankment, or a sloping semi-terrace field (typically planted in magueyes?) [Fuente: Stephanie Wood, as found in studies of terracing and other land use. See, for example, the research of R. Hunter, 2009, or A. Sluyter 1992 and 2002.] {CN}

metepantli

to plant magueyes (agave plants) (see Molina) {CN}

metl nicaquia

â€œMexica land, â€ a civil category of unclear status [Fuente: S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 236.] {CN}

Mexicatlalli

planted in magueyes (agave plants) {CN}

meyotoc

"army" land [Fuente: James Lockhart, The Nahuas after the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 156.] {CN}

milchimalli

land dimensions following the perimeter, or quadrilaterals; a type of cadaster ("contour, figure des terres, des proprietes") [Fuente: from Aubin; see http://nahuatl_french.fracademic.com/14444/MILCOCOLLI] (Tepetlaoztoc, mid-sixteenth century) [Fuente: Barbara J. Williams and H. R. Harvey, The Codice de Santa Maria Asuncion: Facsimile and Commentary: Households and Lands in Sixteenth-Century Tepetlaoztoc (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1997), 67.] {CN}

milcocolli

possessor of cultivate land (see Karttunen) {CN}

mile

place where there is an abundance of cultivated land (see Karttunen) {CN}

milla

established, cultivated field {CN}

millalia

milli + tlalli (this is a term that combines two types of agricultural land) {CN}

millalli

field people, people of the fields; i.e. campesinos? (root = milli) (central Mexico, early seventeenth century) [Fuente: Codex Chimalpahin: Society and Politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Culhuacan, and Other Nahuatl Altepetl in Central Mexico; The Nahuatl and Spanish Annals and Accounts Collected and Recorded by don Domingo de San Anton Mui±on Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Susan Schroeder (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), vol. 2, 198â€“199.] {CN}

millatlaca

a fallowed field (Tepetlaoztoc, mid-sixteenth century) [Fuente: Barbara J. Williams and H. R. Harvey, The Codice de Santa Maria Asuncion: Facsimile and Commentary: Households and Lands in Sixteenth-Century Tepetlaoztoc (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1997), 113, 117.] {CN}

milmanali

a poor person who does not have even a small plot of farmland; or, a person who is wanting a plot of land to farm (see Molina) {CN}

milmayanani

in the maize field (see milli); milpa (without the final "n") entered Spanish as the equivalent of milli {CN}

milpan

one who works the milpa or guards the milpa {CN}

milpixqui

a small agricultural field (see Molina) {CN}

miltepito

to prepare a cultivated field for oneself (see Karttunen) {CN}

miltia

to encroach upon the boundary of another person's agricultural plot (see Molina) {CN}

milxocoa

to fish (see Molina) {CN}

mimichma

to go and see or look at the estate/property (see Molina) {CN}

mimilitta

to be out and about visiting one's land, estates/properties (see Molina) {CN}

mimillachia

to be out visiting their estate/property (see Molina) {CN}

mimilpanoa

penetrated by an arrow (e.g. a tree on a boundary that has been marked as such); from mitl + icac (sixteenth century, Quauhtinchan) [Fuente: Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, eds. Paul Kirchhoff, Lina Odena Gi¼emes, y Luis Reyes Garcia (Mexico: CISINAH, INAH-SEP, 1976), 157.] {CN}

miticac

tassel, especially of maize but also other things with a similar appearance [Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 225.] {CN}

miyahuatl

``` boundary marker (a loanword from Spanish) {CN} ```

mojon

the location of a boundary marker, the place of the mojon | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

mojonera

Nazarene, the place name | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

Nazareno

"maize from here, " i.e. the preferred local grain, maize or corn (compared to caxtillan tlaolli, which is attested to mean wheat, the preferred Castillian grain) {CN}

nican tlaolli

on the other side {CN}

occecapal

cane field (see Karttunen) {CN}

ohuamilli

relating to caves; e.g. cave-dwelling (sixteenth century, Quauhtinchan) [Fuente: Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, eds. Paul Kirchhoff, Lina Odena Gi¼emes, y Luis Reyes Garcia (Mexico: CISINAH, INAH-SEP, 1976), 165.] {CN}

oztoyotl

a flag; a banner; a unit of measure, for counting by 20's (see also cempantli); in some places, then, a piece of land measuring twenty furrows; a strip of land; also, a person's name (attested as male) {CN}

pantli

land that could be alienated, closely associated with the family, interchangeable with huehuetlalli (and contrasted with tributary land) (a loanword from Spanish) [Fuente: Rebecca Horn, Postconquest Coyoacan: Nahua-Spanish Relations in Central Mexico, 1519-1650 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 124â€“25; and, Rebecca Horn and James Lockhart, "Mundane Documents in Nahuatl, " in in James Lockhart, Lisa Sousa, and Stephanie Wood, eds., Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory, Preliminary Version (e-book) (Eugene, Ore.: Wired Humanities Project, 2007, 2010), 8.] {CN}

patrimonio

frost-bitten or withered wheat, maize, cacao, or the like (see Molina) {CN}

patzactic

a piece of something; especially, a piece of land | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

pedazo

land (milli) dedicated to the cultivation of reeds (tolli, tules) for making woven mats (petlatl) {CN}

petlatolmilli

to steal everything, leaving nothing; to punish with great cruelty; or, for the hail or frost to destroy that which has been planted (see Molina) {CN}

pilhuia

private land of indigenous lords [Fuente: S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 236.] {CN}

pillalli

an agricultural field of a noble person (see attestations) {CN}

pilmilli

the harvest (see attestations) {CN}

pipixco

to pour wheat (or something similar) onto the ground (see Molina) {CN}

pipixoa

to harvest maize for someone [Fuente: Thelma Sullivan, Documentos Tlaxcaltecas del siglo XVI en lengua ni¡huatl (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1987), 41.] {CN}

pixquia

the crop; the harvest {CN}

pixquiztli

banana, plantain | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

pli¡tano

name of a famous large volcano; seems to be a sentence saying "the mountain smokes" [Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 230.] {CN}

Popocatepetl

possession (usually, legal possession of land); often, the act of granting or recognizing posession, which could involve various actions that were demonstrative of that situation (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

posesion

to work the soil, to labor [Fuente: Daniel Garrison Brinton, Ancient Nahuatl Poetry: Containing the Nahuatl Text of XXVII Ancient Mexican Poems (1887), 161.] {CN}

poxahua

property under the control of the town council (a loanword from Spanish) (Tlaxcala, 1662â€“1692) [Fuente: Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza, Historia cronologica de la Noble Ciudad de Tlaxcala, transcripcion paleogri¡fica, traduccion, presentacion y notas por Luis Reyes Garcia y Andrea Martinez Baracs (Tlaxcala and Mexico City: Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala, Secretaria de Extension Universitaria y Difusion Cultural, y Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social, 1995), 563â€“563.] {CN}

propios

stalks (as on some maguey plants); taken into Spanish as "quiyotes" [Fuente: Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 110, n2.] {CN}

quiquiyo

plow; also, in the plural, bars, grille work (a loanword from Spanish) [Fuente: Leslie S. Offutt, "Levels of Acculturation in Northeastern New Spain; San Esteban Testaments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, " Estudios de cultura ni¡huatl 22 (1992), 409â€“443, see page 432â€“433.] {CN}

reja

seed grain, for planting a field | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

sembradura

a planted field; also, part of a title for a land judge | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

sementera

a site, lot, allotment; also, for example, sitio de estancia (a certain size of a stockraising property (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

sitio

a house lot | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

solar

furrow, an agricultural row | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

surco

border, boundary (See Karttunen) {CN}

tamachiuhtoc

"land belonging to the tecpan" [Fuente: S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), p. 237.] {CN}

tecpantlalli

lordly noble's land [Fuente: James Lockhart, The Nahuas after the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 156.] {CN}

tecpillalli

to resow, replant (See Karttunen) {CN}

tecpoa

resowing (See Karttunen) {CN}

tecpoliztli

"lord's land" [Fuente: Susan Kellogg, Law and the Transformation of Aztec Culture, 1500-1700 (Norman and London: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1995), 226.] {CN}

tecuhtlalli

a disputed parcel of land? (see attestations) {CN}

tecuitlalli

rocky field(?), planted field(?) [Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 233.] {CN}

temilli

field worker(?) {CN}

temilticahua

church land [Fuente: S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 237.] {CN}

teopantlalli

to move into the territory of someone else, crossing borders and ignoring boundary markers (see Molina) {CN}

tepan topehua

to establish boundaries, mark borders of a territory (sixteenth century, Quauhtinchan) [Fuente: Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, eds. Paul Kirchhoff, Lina Odena Gi¼emes, y Luis Reyes Garcia (Mexico: CISINAH, INAH-SEP, 1976), 199.] {CN}

tepantia

clay; also, perhaps a boundary marker(?) {CN}

tepatl

maize grown on hills or other unwatered lands, relying on natural rainfall [Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 234.] {CN}

tepecentli

unirrigated land (see Karttunen) {CN}

tepetlalli

a mountainside [Fuente: Thelma D. Sullivan, "Nahuatl Proverbs, Conundrums, and Metaphors, Collected by Sahagiºn, " Estudios de Cultura Ni¡huatl 4 (1963), 132â€“133.] {CN}

tepetlamimilolli

Tepeyac, which is an abbreviated version of the original Tepeyacac, the hill where the Virgin of Guadalupe is believed to have appeared in 1531, now a part of Mexico City {CN}

Tepeyacac

mountain images or figures; "Small Molded Ones" [Fuente: Fray Bernardino de Sahagiºn, Primeros Memoriales, ed. Thelma D. Sullivan, et al. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 113.] {CN}

Tepictoton

an iron hoe (see Molina) {CN}

tepozhuictli

nitrous soil [Fuente: Fr. Bernardino de Sahagiºn, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 6 -- Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy, No. 14, Part 7, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1961), 96.] {CN}

tequixquitlalli

testament, will | (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

testamento

lord's land [Fuente: James Lockhart, The Nahuas after the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 156.] {CN}

teuctlalli

a parcel of land heavy in minerals, rocky soil (see attestations) {CN}

tezoquitli

also used in the plural, titulos -- land titles, or indigenous town histories (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

titulo

a type of land; attested to be chinampas in one source [Fuente: James Lockhart collection, in a folder called "Land and Economy, " citing the Testaments of Culhuacan, 1581; see p. 192..] {CN}

tlachicontepouhtli

stone used for scraping the maguey plant [Fuente: Fray Bernardino de Sahagiºn, Primeros Memoriales, ed. Thelma D. Sullivan (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 208.] {CN}

tlachictetl

foot (a unit of measure in land documents dating from the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries) [Fuente: Rebecca Horn, Postconquest Coyoacan: Nahua-Spanish Relations in Central Mexico, 1519-1650 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 153.] {CN}

tlacxitl

ruler's office lands, ruler-land [Fuente: S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 237. See also Sarah Cline, "The Testaments of Culhuacan, " in James Lockhart, Lisa Sousa, and Stephanie Wood, eds., Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory (Eugene, OR: Wired Humanities Project, e-book, 2007.] {CN}

tlahtohcatlalli

a measurement of field surface area; or, a type of cadaster (Tepetlaoztoc, mid-sixteenth century) [Fuente: Barbara J. Williams and H. R. Harvey, The Codice de Santa Maria Asuncion: Facsimile and Commentary: Households and Lands in Sixteenth-Century Tepetlaoztoc (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1997), 8, 67, 113.] {CN}

tlahuelmatli

to cultivate land a second time (see Karttunen) {CN}

tlahueltamaca

land book, land papers, primordial titles, titulos; also, a specific tree with leaves that resemble the sage plant and which grows in cold places, such as on the slopes of volcanoes [Fuente: The Mexican Treasury: The Writings of Dr. Francisco Herni¡ndez, ed. Simon Varey, transl. Rafael Chabri¡n, Cynthia L. Chamberlin, and Simon Varey (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), 123.] {CN}

tlalamatl

earthen canals (Tlaxcala, 1662â€“1692) [Fuente: Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza, Historia cronologica de la Noble Ciudad de Tlaxcala, transcripcion paleogri¡fica, traduccion, presentacion y notas por Luis Reyes Garcia y Andrea Martinez Baracs (Tlaxcala and Mexico City: Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala, Secretaria de Extension Universitaria y Difusion Cultural, y Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social, 1995), 530â€“531.] {CN}

tlalapatl

to cultivate the land {CN}

tlalchihua

land purchaser [Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 236.] {CN}

tlalcouhqui

to put grain in silage, to put it into a granary (see Molina) {CN}

tlallan cuezcomac nitlatlalia

grain stored in a granary (see Molina) {CN}

tlallan cuezcomac tlatlalilli

to store grain in a granary (see Molina) {CN}

tlallan cuezcomatema

a granary for storing grains (see Molina) {CN}

tlallan cuezcomatl

to give or distribute land {CN}

tlalmaca

to acquire land [Fuente: Annals of His Time: Don Domingo de San Anton Mui±on Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala, eds. and transl. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 72â€“73. (1601, central Mexico)] {CN}

tlalmacehua

land deserver, landholder (and, by extension, town founder and perhaps even conqueror -- under study) (see attestations) {CN}

tlalmaceuhqui

to have a small piece of land, or a piece of land which is held by a son with permission from his father, for his own use and benefit (see Molina) {CN}

tlalmayana

level land that goes along with, or is a part of, something {CN}

tlalmayotl

to loosen the soil (see Molina) {CN}

tlalmoyahua

the land seller (see attestations) {CN}

tlalnamacani

land seller (plural would be tlalnamaque) [Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood's notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}

tlalnamaqui

a land portion (not always land that has been inherited) [Fuente: Rebecca Horn, Postconquest Coyoacan: Nahua-Spanish Relations in Central Mexico, 1519-1650 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 127.] {CN}

tlalnemactli

sterile land upon which nothing will grow {CN}

tlalnemi

an earthquake (see attestations) {CN}

tlalollinaliztli

to measure lands or properties (see Molina) {CN}

tlalpohua

to cover something with earth, or to cover thistles with earth (see Molina) {CN}

tlalquimiloa

to measure lands (see Molina) {CN}

tlaltamachihua

to bury in the ground; to plant something {CN}

tlaltoca

one who serves as a guard over landholdings {CN}

tlaltopilli

clay soil, mud (see Karttunen) {CN}

tlaltzactic

to remove weeds from around a food crop; to cultivate {CN}

tlamehua

that which is established as a field, already cultivated [Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood's notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}

tlamillalilli

to work land, to aerate the soil (see Karttunen) {CN}

tlamomolonia

maize storage house [Fuente: The Tlaxcalan Actas: A Compendium of the Records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala (1545-1627), eds. James Lockhart, Frances Berdan, and Arthur J.O. Anderson (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1986), 62.] {CN}

tlaocalco

maize storage house or building {CN}

tlaolcalli

to graze, feed animals (see Karttunen) {CN}

tlatlacualtia

to hoe or to weed the vegetable plants (see Molina) {CN}

tlatlatlamolehuilia

cultivated field(s) of a tlatoani {CN}

tlatocamilli

ruler's land(s) {CN}

tlatocatlalli

a staff for punching holes for sowing seed, a digging stick (see Karttunen) {CN}

tlatoccuahuitl

the act of weeding the vegetable plantings (see Molina) {CN}

tlaxippopoaliztli

the act of weeding (see Molina) {CN}

tlaxiuh ochpanaliztli

a hoe for weeding (see Molina) {CN}

tlaxiuh ochpanoni

something weeded (such as a cornfield) (see Molina) {CN}

tlaxiuh ochpantli

the act of weeding (see Molina) {CN}

tlaxiuhpopoaliztli

to work the land in order to sow it (see Molina), to plow (see attestations) {CN}

tlay

to break ground for planting (see Karttunen) {CN}

tlayi

tonacatlalli (noun) = rich or fertile land [Fuente: Daniel Garrison Brinton, Ancient Nahuatl Poetry: Containing the Nahuatl Text of XXVII Ancient Mexican Poems (1877), 166.] {CN}

tonacatlalli

to sow something for someone (see Karttunen) {CN}

toquiltia

the act of planting, cultivation, agriculture (see attestations) {CN}

toquiztli

the plantings [Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood's notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}

toxtzintli

true or real sale; a legal sale; often indicated somewhere on bills of sale (a loanword from Spanish) {CN}

venta real

sandy parcel of land (?) {CN}

xalcuemitl

to begin to bear fruit (speaking of the maize plant), to produce a tender sprig (see Molina) {CN}

xiloti

pasture {CN}

ximilli

unirrigated field (see Karttunen) {CN}

ximmilli

knot in a tree, bump (see Karttunen) {CN}

xipintic

to cover something with weeds, or for wheat or the like to choke out the weeds (?) (see Molina) {CN}

xippachoa

to harvest tomatoes (see Karttunen) {CN}

xitomaehua

to tend tomatoes (see Karttunen) {CN}

xitomapiya

a grassy place (see Karttunen) {CN}

xiuhcamac