Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LATG > LATG 12: Immunology > Flashcards

LATG 12: Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: According to the work of Jenner and Pasteur, prior exposure to microorganisms leads to protective immunity.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What defines the term “immunology”?

A

The study of the body’s response when it is exposed to foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What scientists are associated with the development of the basic concepts of immunology?

A

Jenner and Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The term “attenuated” is often used in immunology. Which of the following best describes its meaning?

A

weakend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or False: The same MHC proteins are found in all the animals of the same species, but different MHC proteins are present in animals of different species.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acquired immunity is also called:

A

adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or False: Antibodies are made up of heavy and light chains.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations?

A

Phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or False: An animal’s innate immune system is functional even if the animal has not been exposed to a foreign substance.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False: T lymphocytes are also called T cells.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or False: Nutrition can affect the strength of an individual’s innate resistance.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What cellular component plays a role in the body’s ability to recognize substances as “nonself”?

A

Proteins of the major histocompatibility complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or False: The most important role of the immune system is to keep foreign substances from entering the blood circulation.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the predominant type of immunoglobulins found in the saliva of mammals?

A

IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions and destroys bacteria?

A

Lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which immune system cells secrete antibodies?

A

B Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False: T lymphocytes are the major cell type associated with cell-mediated immunity.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or False: Different types of immune system cells produce different antibodies when exposed to the same antigen.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or False: An individual’s innate resistance to foreign substances remains the same throughout his/her life.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or False: The acquired immune system only develops an immune response after an antigen has entered the body.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or False: The innate immune response only develops in response to a specific antigen.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?

A

IgM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or False: Each antibody can bind to several different kinds of antigens.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the recognition step of the acquired immune response, the antigen is called the _______________ molecule.

A

signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

True or False: Fluids from tissues are transported by the circulatory system and recycled by the lymphatic system.

A

False- fluids from the tissues are transported by the lymphatic system and recycled by the circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False: Antibiotics accelerate the response of the immune system.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or False: IgG can cross the placenta to provide some immunity to newborn animals in their first few weeks of life.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

True or False: MHC proteins help T lymphocytes recognize and attach to antigens.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What best describes “immune response”?

A

The body’s reaction against invading foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

During what phase of a primary immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?

A

the log phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

During the plateau phase of a primary immune response, the antibody titer for the pathogen of interest:

A

reaches it’s peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

True or False: Immunization is a process by which an animal develops immunity after having been exposed to an antigen.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

True or False: A secondary immune response to a given antigen is generally a weaker response than the primary response to the initial exposure.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why are adjuvants used in vaccines?

A

to enhance immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is another term used to describe immunodeficient individuals?

A

Immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

True or False: All diseases that affect the immune system cause a decreased immune response.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

True or False: An autoimmune disease is the result of the individual’s immune system becoming hypersensitive to some allergen in the environment.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What best describes immunosuppression?

A

A lowered immune responsiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or False: A primary immunodeficiency disease is an acquired condition resulting from an infection or a side effect of a drug treatment

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Because they lack a thymus, nude mice lack which component of the immune system?

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What best describes autoimmune disease?

A

The animal’s immune system reacts against the animal’s own constituents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

True or False: When a defect in immune response is inherited, it is referred to as a primary immunodeficiency disease.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In AIDS, the HIV virus destroys which of the cells involved in the immune response?

A

T helper cells and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is an immunodeficiency virus that affects animals belonging to which group?

A

NHP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

True or False: Drug therapy with corticosteroids can lead to secondary immunodeficiency disease.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which organ does the nude mouse lack?

A

Thymus

47
Q

True or False: In general, autoimmune diseases target all organs of the body.

A

False

48
Q

True or False: Asthma is always caused by an allergic reaction affecting the respiratory track.

A

False

49
Q

Why is cyclosporin A often used in individuals who have received tissue transplants?

A

it is an immunosuppressant drug

50
Q

True or False: Stress can cause temporary immunodeficiencies.

A

True

51
Q

Which term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between individuals of the same species?

A

allograft

52
Q

The transplantation of a pig heart valve into a human is an example of what type of transplant?

A

xenograft

53
Q

The __________ of donor and recipient is a major determinant of success of an organ transplant.

A

histocompatibility

54
Q

Which cell lineage is affected in XID mice?

A

B cell

55
Q

What are the three steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance?

A

Recognition, amplification, and resolution

56
Q

Which enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions and destroys bacteria?

A

lysozyme

57
Q

What component of the innate immune system coats the surface of invading organisms to facilitate their attack by the macrophages?

A

Complement proteins

58
Q

How would you classify the athymic mouse’s immunodeficiency?

A

As a primary immunodeficiency disease

59
Q

During which phase of a primary immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?

A

the log phase

60
Q

What term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between individuals of the same species?

A

allograft

61
Q

What best defines the term “antigen”?

A

a substance that is recognized as non-self

62
Q

What is chronic immune complex diseases?

A

There is an accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the bloodstream.

63
Q

What is typical of a secondary (anamnestic) immune response?

A

The serum titer rises to a higher level than during the primary response.

64
Q

What immune system cells secrete antibodies?

A

B cells

65
Q

What is another term for macrophages?

A

antigen-preserving cells

66
Q

What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?

A

IgM

67
Q

What cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations?

A

phagocytes

68
Q

B cells and plasma cells are part of the __________-mediated immune response.

A

antibody

69
Q

Which cell population is lacking in SCID mice?

A

T and B Cells

70
Q

Which immunoglobulin is associated with hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma?

A

IgE

71
Q

The major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC) are found on the surface of what cells?

A

t cells

72
Q

The transplantation of a pig heart valve into a human is an example of what type of transplant?

A

Xenograft

73
Q

What is the term used to describe an animal with a normal immune system?

A

immunocompetent

74
Q

AIDS is an example of which type of disease?

A

Secondary immunodeficiency disease

75
Q

What is the term for the basic resistance that an individual has when born?

A

innate/passive immunity

76
Q

What cells are generated by the thymus, bone marrow, liver, and spleen and are found in large numbers in the lymphatic system?

A

leukocytes

77
Q

What cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations?

A

phagocytes

78
Q

What is the role of cytokines?

A

They transmit information about the presence of a foreign substance.

78
Q

What are the 2 acquired immune system responses?

A

cell-mediated and antibody-mediated

79
Q

What are the 3 types of interferons?

A

alpha, beta, and gamma

80
Q

Which cells have a similar role to macrophages in presenting the antigen to other cells.

A

dendric cells

81
Q

An antibody-mediated immune response is associated with what kind of cells?

A

B cells

82
Q

What is another term for antibody-mediated response?

A

humoral response

83
Q

Which is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mammalian serum?

A

IgG

84
Q

What are the 3 reasons that the immune system can be overwhelmed allowing infection to lead to disease?

A

high infectious load, virulence of microbe is great, compromised immune system

85
Q

What is another term for acquired immunity?

A

adaptive immunity

86
Q

What is the best meaning of “attenuated” in immunology?

A

weakened

87
Q

True or False: The same MCH proteins are found in all the animals of the same species.

A

False

88
Q

What chemical messenger do macrophages and granulocytes release to escalate the immune response?

A

cytokines

89
Q

True or False: An animal’s innate immune system is functional even if the animal has not been exposed to a foreign substance.

A

True

90
Q

True or False: The acquired immune response only develops in response to a specific antigen.

A

True

91
Q

Antibody-mediated immune response is associated with what kind of cells?

A

b-cells and plasma cells

92
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance?

A
  1. Recognition, 2. Amplification, 3. Resolution
93
Q

What 2 types of molecules participate in the recognition step of an acquired immune response?

A

signal molecule and receptor molecule

94
Q

What cells secrete specialized factors that carry messages to other immune system cells?

A

helper T cells

95
Q

True or False: Each antibody molecule can bind several different kinds of antigen.

A

False

96
Q

What is the first class of immunoglobulins to by synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?

A

IgM

97
Q

Which cellular organelle contains enzymes that destroy foreign materials that were engulfed by phagocytic cells?

A

lysosomes

98
Q

What are 2 ways by which active immunity can develop?

A

following exposure to an infectious agent, after vaccination

99
Q

During which phase of an immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?

A

log phase

100
Q

What is the term for the secondary immune response?

A

anamnestic response

101
Q

What are 3 ways that an individual can naturally acquire an immune disease?

A

inherit, acquire through infection or illness, side-effect of drug treatment

102
Q

AIDs is an example of:

A

a secondary immunodeficiency disease

103
Q

True or False: When a defect in immune response is inherited, it is referred to as a primary immunodeficiency disease.

A

True

104
Q

SIV is an immunodeficiency virus that affects animals belonging to what species?

A

NHPs

105
Q

What cell populations are lacking in SCID mice?

A

T cells and B cells

106
Q

What precautions should be taken when housing immunodeficient mice?

A

given sterilized feed and water, kept in air-filtered environment, handled aseptically, cage changes should be done in a laminar flow work station

107
Q

What are 3 examples of immune hypersensitivity?

A

asthma, allergies, autoimmune disease

108
Q

What is the term used to describe a graft transplanted between individuals of the same species?

A

allograft

109
Q

What is self recognition?

A

the recognition of cells and tissues as foreign or self

110
Q

What are epitopes?

A

fragment of an antigen bound to a molecule

111
Q

True or False: Antigenicity is the degree to which an antigen can induce an immune response.

A

True

112
Q

True or False: A passive immunization allows for permanent resistance to an antigen.

A

False

113
Q

True or False: Radiation exposure can cause immunosuppression.

A

True

LATG (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions