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LATG > LATG 17: Anesthesia and Analgesia > Flashcards

LATG 17: Anesthesia and Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

What best defines nociceptors?

A

Specialized nerve endings in tissues that transmit signals to the brain

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2
Q

True or False: An institution’s guidelines for routine drug uses and doses are usually obtained from the manufacturers’ labels.

A

False- veterinarians

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3
Q

What route can be used to give anesthetics “to effect”?

A

IV

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4
Q

What route can be used to give anesthetics “to effect”?

A

IV

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5
Q

True or False: If a dose of an anesthetic is too small, the animal may feel pain during the procedure.

A

True

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6
Q

True or False: All animals should be routinely fasted before anesthesia.

A

False

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7
Q

What type of drug can reverse the effect of another drug?

A

antagonist

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8
Q

Which of the four stages of anesthesia should be attained before surgery on an animal begins?

A

Stage 3

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9
Q

True or False: If a rabbit is to undergo gastric surgery, it should be fasted for 12 hours prior to the procedure.

A

False- 3-4 hours is sufficient for rodents and rabbits

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10
Q

What are effects of phenothiazine tranquilizers?

A

peripheral vasodilation, reduced anxiety, muscle relaxation

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11
Q

True or False: Phenothiazine tranquilizers can make blood vessels easier to locate.

A

True

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12
Q

True or False: Stage 2 of anesthesia is sometime bypassed due to the action of the anesthetic.

A

True

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13
Q

True or False: The same drug must be used for the induction and maintenance phases of anesthesia administration.

A

False- can be same or different drugs

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14
Q

True or False: Xylazine is a sedative that has an analgesic effect.

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: Drugs are generally available in only one concentration.

A

False

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16
Q

True or False: It is often necessary to dilute a drug needed for smaller animals like rodents.

A

True

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17
Q

What kind of drug is Diazepam?

A

benzodiazepine tranquilizer

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18
Q

What are possible side effects of preanesthetic treatments?

A

pain relief, drowsiness, decreased apprehension

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19
Q

True or False: An anesthesia plan is included in an animal use protocol.

A

True

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20
Q

True or False: Stage 4 of general anesthesia can appropriately be considered an overdose of the anesthetic.

A

True

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21
Q

What drug can be used to reverse the effects of xylazine?

A

Yohimbine

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22
Q

What effects does Xylazine have?

A

sedation, analgesia, lower blood pressure

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23
Q

What needs to be included in an anesthesia plan?

A

administering anesthetic, monitoring during procedure and through recovery, emergency plans

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24
Q

True or False: Phenothiazine tranquilizers can be used as analgesics.

A

False- do not have analgesic properties

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25
Q

How are dose rates generally expressed?

A

mg/kg

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26
Q

What are the phases of anesthetic administration?

A

induction, maintenance, recovery

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27
Q

What type of drug decreases saliva production?

A

anticholinergic

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28
Q

True or False: Benzodiazepines are used mostly in smaller animals such as rodents.

A

False- most common in large animals

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29
Q

True or False: Some preanesthetics also provide postoperative analgesia.`

A

True

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30
Q

True or False: It is generally recommended to perform a preoperative blood test on rodents.

A

False

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31
Q

True or False: Benzodiazepine tranquilizers do not have analgesic properties.

A

True

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32
Q

True or False: During a routine fast before a surgery, an animal should not be allowed to have water.

A

False

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33
Q

True or False: Benzodiazepines should not be used in animals with heart disease.

A

False- have minimal cardiovascular effects

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34
Q

What kind of mice are at higher risk when given tribromoethanol?

A

mice younger than 16 days, mouse strains used as obesity models, diabetic mice

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35
Q

True or False: Pharmaceutical grade tribromoethanol is no longer available commercially in the US.

A

True

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36
Q

What is the number one precaution that must be considered when using urethane as an anesthetic agent?

A

it must be used with protective equipment

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37
Q

True or False: Tribromoethanol should not be stored in the presence of heat or light.

A

True

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38
Q

True or False: Inhalant anesthetics are passed out of the body chemically unchanged.

A

True

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39
Q

True or False: Isoflurane has a lower cost than sevoflurane.

A

True

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40
Q

Medical grade air is what percentage oxygen?

A

21%

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41
Q

True or False: Local anesthetics mildly affect an animal’s central nervous system.

A

False

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42
Q

True or False: Bupivicaine has a longer duration of action than lidocaine.

A

True

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43
Q

What must be used in conjunction with neuromuscular blockers during surgical procedures?

A

an anesthetic agent

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44
Q

True or False: Bupivicaine has a faster onset of action than lidocaine.

A

False

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45
Q

True or False: When using a neuromuscular blocker, the palpebral reflex can be used to check that the animal has reached the correct stage of anesthesia.

A

False- HR, RR, and BP have to be used due to lack of reflexes

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46
Q

Adding an analgesic sedative to ketamine administration has what effects?

A

helps prevent muscle rigidity

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47
Q

True or False: Open bottles of propofol should be discarded after 24 hours.

A

False- manufacturer recommends 6 hours

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48
Q

Why is alpha-chloralose used in experiments on animal physiology?

A

It does not depress the respiratory or cardiovascular systems.

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49
Q

True or False: Tricaine methanesulfonate is used as a euthanizing agent for many aquatic species.

A

True

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50
Q

What is another name for neuromuscular blocking drugs?

A

paralytic drugs

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51
Q

What is another name for neuromuscular blocking drugs?

A

paralytic drugs

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52
Q

What is a common anesthetic for use with fish and amphibians?

A

Tricaine methanesulfonate

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53
Q

True or False: Sevoflurane has a faster onset of action than isoflurane.

A

True

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54
Q

True or False: Isoflurane has a quicker recovery time than sevoflurane.

A

False

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55
Q

What drugs are a dissociative agent?

A

ketamine, tiletamine

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56
Q

By what factor are barbiturate agents classified?

A

duration of activity

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57
Q

True or False: Color coding for tanks holding medical gasses is required by the FDA.

A

False

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58
Q

True or False: Inhalant anesthetics are liquid agents that are vaporized.

A

True

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59
Q

True or False: A nonrebreathing system is usually used for cats.

A

True

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60
Q

True or False: The pressure-limiting (pop-off) valve should be closed before flushing an anesthesia system with oxygen.

A

False- must be open to prevent lung damage

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61
Q

On what part of a rebreathing anesthesia system can the pressure of the oxygen tank be read?

A

pressure gauge

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62
Q

True or False: When using a rebreathing system, carbon dioxide must be removed before an animal rebreathes any exhaled gases.

A

True

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63
Q

True or False: A slight odor from waste anesthetic gases is safe and acceptable.

A

False

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64
Q

True or False: One branch of the Y-shaped tubing on a nonrebreathing system carries oxygen, and the other branch carries the anesthetic gas.

A

False- one carries oxygen and anesthetic, the other carries waste gasses

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65
Q

True or False: The function of the expandable cuff of the endotracheal tube is to allow the gas to flow through around the tube.

A

False- the cuff is to seal the tube to the wall of the trachea

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66
Q

When using nonrebreathing anesthesia systems, what reaches the animal’s lungs?

A

only anesthetic gas

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67
Q

In rebreathing machines, the size of the rebreathing bag should be determined by what?

A

size of the animal

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68
Q

True or False: Check valves on each branch of tubing on a nonrebreathing system allow the flow of gas in one direction only.

A

True

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69
Q

True or False: If pressure in the circuit becomes too great, the animal’s lungs could rupture.

A

True

70
Q

True or False: Ceiling exhaust fans are the most effective and efficient means of removing waste anesthetic gases.

A

False- WAGs are heavier than air so ceiling fans wont remove them

71
Q

True or False: The pressure gauge on an O2 tank provides a good approximation of the amount of gas remaining in the tank.

A

True

72
Q

True or False: If an anesthesia machine is used infrequently, water may collect in the carbon dioxide absorbent canister and cause corrosion.

A

True

73
Q

What is a characteristic of an open-drop system for anesthesia induction?

A

A perforated false bottom and an anesthetic-soaked cotton ball beneath

74
Q

What is a characteristic of an open-drop system for anesthesia induction?

A

A perforated false bottom and an anesthetic-soaked cotton ball beneath

75
Q

True or False: For assisted ventilation, the pressure-limiting (pop-off) valve is closed, the rebreathing bag squeezed, and the valve re-opened.

A

True

76
Q

True or False: A mask can successfully maintain an animal on a gas anesthetic without being intubated.

A

True

77
Q

True or False: Nonrebreathing systems are cheaper to use.

A

False

78
Q

What anesthetic gas can produce a compound that may be toxic to the kidneys when it passes through a soda lime canister?

A

sevoflurane

79
Q

True or False: Chambers can be used to anesthetize animals as large as cats and rabbits before intubation.

A

True

80
Q

True or False: The same vaporizer can be used for all anesthetic gases.

A

False- vaporizers are different for each anesthetic agent

81
Q

True or False: Use of a nose cone and an activated charcoal canister is an effective scavenger system for rodents.

A

True

82
Q

True or False: Rabbits should be intubated before being placed into an induction chamber

A

False

83
Q

True or False: A charcoal filter canister can be used as a passive scavenging method to collect waste anesthetic gases.

A

True

84
Q

What is the role of the pop-off valve in a rebreathing system?

A

it prevents animal’s lungs from over inflating

85
Q

True or False: The pop-off valve should be set at the minimum setting necessary to keep the rebreathing bag partially inflated.

A

True

86
Q

True or False: Shutting off the flow meter on a rebreathing anesthesia system stops the flow of oxygen completely.

A

False- doesn’t always stop flow completely, when no longer in use oxygen should be shut off at the tank

87
Q

True or False: For animals that undergo long procedures under anesthesia, the use of warm saline bags is the best way to prevent hypothermia.

A

False- fluid bags will cool off

88
Q

What reflex is not a good indicator of anesthetic depth in rodents?

A

palpebral

89
Q

What animals are more susceptible to hypothermia while under anesthesia?

A

rodents

90
Q

Heating devices used to maintain the body temperature of anesthetized animals should be ___________ the animal’s normal body temperature.

A

1-2 degrees F higher than

91
Q

What best describes the palpebral reflex?

A

eye/blink reflex

92
Q

What reflex should be checked to determine if the animal can be intubated?

A

Laryngeal

93
Q

If an animal’s blood oxygen level is normal, its mucous membranes will appear what color?

A

pink

94
Q

How often should vital parameters be recorded on an anesthetic log?

A

every 5-10 minutes

95
Q

True or False: Heat lamps are the best equipment to use to help maintain the animal’s body temperature during long surgical procedures.

A

False- heat lamps should be avoided due to potential to cause thermal burns

96
Q

What type of respiration is seen in normal, awake animals?

A

thoracic

97
Q

True or False: An animal’s pulse rate can be determined by monitoring its electrocardiogram.

A

True

98
Q

What part of the body moves first when a normal awake animal takes a breath?

A

center of thorax

99
Q

True or False: Temperature monitoring should be continued during the recovery period following anesthesia.

A

True

100
Q

As an animal’s anesthetic state becomes deeper, the area of breath initiation moves: __________.

A

caudally

101
Q

True or False: The duration of buprenorphine in mice is only 3 to 5 hours.

A

True

102
Q

True or False: A transdermal liquid fentanyl has been approved for use in dogs.

A

True

103
Q

True or False: All opioids are controlled substances.

A

True

104
Q

True or False: Oxymorphone and hydromorphone produce less respiratory depression than morphine.

A

True

105
Q

What opioid is available as a transdermal patch?

A

Fentanyl

106
Q

True or False: A transdermal fentanyl patch can deliver analgesia for 72 or more hours.

A

True

107
Q

True or False: Oxymorphone and hydromorphone have shorter durations of action than morphine.

A

False

108
Q

True or False: Buprenorphine has been essentially eliminated from veterinary medicine in the United States

A

False- most widely used in research animals

109
Q

What procedure should be followed to prevent an unintended recovery from euthanasia when using inhalants?

A

confirm death with secondary method

110
Q

Which type of drug is a reversal agent?

A

Antagonist

111
Q

Where is the desired concentration of anesthetic gas set in a rebreathing system?

A

at the dial on vaporizer

112
Q

At what stage of anesthesia does it become necessary to begin procedures to resuscitate the animal?

A

stage 4

113
Q

What type of respiration is seen in normal, awake animals?

A

thoracic

114
Q

Xylazine is which type of drug?

A

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

115
Q

What is the definition of tidal volume?

A

The amount of air taken into the lungs in one breath

116
Q

Post-anesthetic behavioral changes can persist for up to ___ hours in animals administered dissociative anesthetics.

A

24

117
Q

What best describes nociceptors?

A

Specialized nerve endings in tissues that transmit signals to the brain

118
Q

What is the US color code for oxygen hoses and fixtures?

A

green

119
Q

When should you replace the soda lime canister in a rebreathing system?

A

when the indicator turns blue/purple

120
Q

When using rebreathing anesthesia systems, what reaches the animal’s lungs?

A

A mixture of fresh and exhaled gases

121
Q

Upon what factor are the four stages of general anesthesia based?

A

Degree of depression in central nervous system (CNS)

122
Q

Why is it generally unnecessary to fast rodents and rabbits prior to anesthesia?

A

they dont have a vomiting reflex

123
Q

Which of the four stages of anesthesia should be attained before surgery on an animal begins?

A

stage 3

124
Q

What is a characteristic of an anesthesia induction chamber?

A

Inlet and outlet ports connected to an anesthesia machine

125
Q

What reflex should be checked to determine if the animal can be intubated?

A

Laryngeal

126
Q

How do you recover an animal that was anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate?

A

immerse the animal in untreated water

127
Q

What information is gained from continuous monitoring of blood pressure?

A

cardiac output

128
Q

If active scavenging is used, the scavenging system is connected to what part of the rebreathing system?

A

pop-off valve

129
Q

What must be used in conjunction with neuromuscular blockers during surgical procedures?

A

anesthetic

130
Q

What is an advantage of barbiturate agents?

A

rapid loss of consciousness

131
Q

Yohimbine is which type of drug?

A

Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist

132
Q

What route can be used to give anesthetics “to effect”?

A

IV

133
Q

When using narcotics or tranquilizers as preanesthetic treatment, the amount of anesthetic needed is:

A

decreased

134
Q

In what species does the administration of morphine frequently induce vomiting and defecation?

A

dogs

135
Q

True or False: It is generally recommended to perform a preoperative blood test on rodents.

A

False

136
Q

True or False: All animals should be routinely fasted prior to anesthesia.

A

False

137
Q

True or False: Guinea pigs should be fasted overnight if an ET tube will be done as part of the surgical procedure.

A

True

138
Q

True or False: An animal’s pulse rate can be determined by monitoring its ECG.

A

True

139
Q

True or False: For animals that undergo long procedures under anesthesia, warm saline bags are the best method to use to prevent hypothermia.

A

False

140
Q

What stage of anesthesia is appropriate for surgical procedures?

A

Stage 3-Surgical anesthesia

141
Q

If fasting rodents is necessary, what characteristic of this group of animals should be taken into consideration?

A

coprophagy

142
Q

What 2 parameters are used to monitor the respiratory pattern of an anesthetized animal?

A

depth of respiration, character of respiration (rate and area of initiation)

143
Q

Heating devices used to maintain the body temperature of anesthetized animals should be _____ F higher than the animal’s normal body temperature.

A

1-2

144
Q

What information is gained from measuring the capillary refill time?

A

if the heart is functioning normally- perfusion

145
Q

What is the common name for the pedal reflex?

A

toe pinch reflex

146
Q

What reflex would prevent the placement of an ET tube when ketamine is the sole anesthetic used?

A

laryngeal

147
Q

What are the 3 phases of anesthesia administration?

A

induction, maintenance, recovery

148
Q

What is the purpose of the balloon cuff on an ET tube?

A

it seals the trachea around the tube

149
Q

What are the 2 effects of anticholinergics?

A

prevent heartrate reduction, decrease salivary and respiratory secretions

150
Q

True or False: Phenothiazine tranquilizers can be used as analgesics.

A

False

151
Q

True or False: Benzodiazepines do not have analgesic properties.

A

True

152
Q

True or False: A vaporizer can be used with a variety of inhalant anesthetics.

A

False

153
Q

True or False: The use of ether for anesthesia has been essentially eliminated from veterinary use in the US.

A

True

154
Q

What anesthetic is most commonly administered with xylazine?

A

Ketamine

155
Q

Describe a good way to give an anesthetic “to effect” using the IV route.

A

The drug is injected cautiously and continuously as needed until the desired stage of anesthesia is reached

156
Q

Yohimbine is an example of what class of drug?

A

alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist

157
Q

What anesthetic agent has been used in procedures related to transgenic mouse technology but may require scientific justification and IACUC approval?

A

nonpharmaceutical grade “Avertin” (tribromoethanol)

158
Q

Why should rabbits not be treated with atropine as an anticholinergic?

A

rabbits have an enzyme (atropinase) in blood that metabolizes atropine

159
Q

Why should neuromuscular blockers not be used as the sole form of anesthesia?

A

does not induce unconsciousness or block pain

160
Q

What color code is oxygen?

A

green

161
Q

What color code is nitrous oxide?

A

blue

162
Q

What color code is medical air?

A

yellow

163
Q

What color code is carbon dioxide?

A

gray

164
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air taken into the lungs in 1 breath

165
Q

If you anesthetize a 10kg dog using a rebreathing system, what size rebreathing bag would you use?

A

1 L

166
Q

True or False: Nonrebreathing systems only produce a small amount of WAGs.

A

False

167
Q

True or False: Opioids are narcotics.

A

True

168
Q

What are the 2 basic types of analgesics used in veterinary medicine?

A

opioids, NSAIDs

169
Q

True or False: Alpha-chloralose should only be used in long procedures that end with euthanasia of the animal.

A

True

170
Q

How long can behavioral changes persist after an animal is administered a dissociative anesthetic?

A

24 hours

171
Q

Why should diazepam not be administered IM?

A

it contains propylene glycol, which can cause pain and irritation if given IM

172
Q

What kind of tranquilizer is acepromazine?

A

phenothiazine

LATG (24 decks)

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