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LATG > LATG 16: Pharmacology > Flashcards

LATG 16: Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What discipline is used by pharmacologists to study how a drug is handled by the body?

A

pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

In the research setting, experimental drugs are also known as:

A

test article

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2
Q

In the research setting, experimental drugs are also known as:

A

test article

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3
Q

Scientists who study how drugs interact with living systems are known by what?

A

pharmacologists

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4
Q

True or False: Only the metabolites of a drug are eliminated by excretion.

A

False- both metabolites and amount of unchanged drug are excreted

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5
Q

What term is used for the amount of drug administered that produces the desired pharmacological effect without producing toxicity?

A

therapeutic dose

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6
Q

The four processes by which a drug is handled by the body — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion — are the focus of what discipline?

A

pharmacokinetics

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7
Q

Formulary dosages are best interpreted as:

A

recommendations

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8
Q

True or False: A drug compound will affect two animals in the same way, regardless of sex or health status, if the dose is equivalent.

A

False

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9
Q

What are the components of ADME?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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10
Q

What organ is the largest site of drug metabolism?

A

liver

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11
Q

The breakdown products of drugs are called ____.

A

metabolites

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12
Q

What represents the relative time (from the fastest to the slowest) it generally takes for a drug administered by these routes to begin taking effect?

A

IV > IP > IM > SQ > PO

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13
Q

What term is used for the ability of a drug to enter the bloodstream from the site of administration?

A

absorption

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14
Q

A drug interaction that results in reduced effect of one or both drugs is called:

A

antagonism

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15
Q

Why is clauvanate administered with amoxicillin?

A

To overcome breakdown of the antibiotic

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16
Q

True or False: The liver excretes drugs and drug metabolites into the bile.

A

True

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17
Q

The therapeutic index is a ratio that compares an effective dose to a(n):

A

toxic dose

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18
Q

True or False: All drugs are toxic if given in excess.

A

True

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19
Q

True or False: The therapeutic index can be expressed as the effective dose (ED50) divided by the lethal dose (LD50).

A

False- (LD50) divided by (ED50)

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20
Q

True or False: In multimodal drug therapy, drugs with different mechanisms of action are combined.

A

True

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21
Q

What are the benefits of multimodal drug therapy?

A

reduced likelihood of adverse affects, lower doses can be used for the same effects, multiple sites of action can lead to a better outcome

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22
Q

What term is used for the quantity of the drug per unit of body weight?

A

dose rate

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23
Q

What factors are included in the dose regimen?

A

dose, route, frequency, duration

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24
Q

True or False: Clinical signs of adverse drug effects are similar regardless of the body system affected.

A

False

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25
Q

Controlled substances are classified in how many schedules?

A

5

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26
Q

True or False: One should always use the drug dosage recommended by the manufacturer for the animal species to be treated to achieve the therapeutic effect.

A

False- the veterinarian knows best per animal

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27
Q

True or False: One should never exceed the drug dosage recommended by the manufacturer for the animal species to be treated.

A

False- veterinarian knows best per animal

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28
Q

True or False: It is important to know the generic name of a drug because it may be sold under various trade names.

A

True

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29
Q

True or False: An expiration date must be included on a drug’s container.

A

True

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30
Q

True or False: Failure to clearly label expired drugs and to store them separately from other drugs is a violation of the Animal Welfare Act.

A

True

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31
Q

True or False: The symbol required for the label of a controlled drug contains a capital “X” and an Arabic number.

A

False- C

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32
Q

Who establishes the expiration date of an FDA-approved drug?

A

the drug manufacturer

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33
Q

What is needed to obtain controlled substances in an animal facility?

A

federal or state license

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34
Q

True or False: Use of a drug labeled for dogs to treat a mouse is an example of “off-label” use.

A

True

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35
Q

True or False: The best dosage to use is the one recommended by the manufacturer and described on the label of the drug container.

A

False- veterinarian knows best per animal

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36
Q

True or False: A drug has only one generic name but may have many trade names.

A

True

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37
Q

True or False: Synthetic corticosteroids can be used to effectively treat itching, but nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cannot.

A

True

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38
Q

True or False: Antidiarrheal drugs are used to treat the symptoms but not the cause of diarrhea.

A

True- can mask symptoms

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39
Q

What characteristics do corticosteroids help?

A

reduce inflammation, reduce itching, reduce fever

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40
Q

True or False: Penicillins have mainly a Gram-negative spectrum of activity.

A

False-gram positive spectrum

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41
Q

What drug is often mixed with bacitracin and polymyxin for topical preparations used to treat superficial wounds?

A

neomycin

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42
Q

Antibiotics are used to combat what type of infections?

A

bacterial

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43
Q

What are pyrethrins?

A

insecticides

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44
Q

True or False: In some species, breeds, and strains, ivermectin can cross into the brain and produce severe and even fatal neurological effects.

A

True

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45
Q

What does the term “drug spectrum” refer to?

A

the type of organisms it is effective against

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46
Q

True or False: Ibuprofen is the trade name of a drug used as an anti-inflammatory.

A

False- ibuprofen is generic name

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47
Q

True or False: The use of biologics is regulated by the FDA.

A

True

48
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat infections with parasitic protozoa, such as Amoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas?

A

Nitroimidazoles

49
Q

True or False: Fluoroquinolones are generally well tolerated by animals.

A

True

50
Q

True or False: The normal bacteria living in the intestinal tract of hamsters and guinea pigs is composed of Gram-positive organisms.

A

True

51
Q

True or False: Missed doses of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance.

A

True

52
Q

True or False: Clavulanate interferes with the action of amoxicillin.

A

False-potentiates amoxicillin by inhibiting an enzyme that breaks down amoxicillin.

53
Q

True or False: In most species, the intestinal flora consists of mostly gram-negative organisms.

A

True

54
Q

True or False: Miconazole is effective in treating both superficial and systemic fungal infections.

A

False- Systemic infections are very difficult to treat and require long-term treatment with ketoconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin.

55
Q

Ivermectin, fenbendazole, and pyrantel pamoate are all used to treat animals for what?

A

parasites

56
Q

What term is used to refer to pharmacological materials that consist of or are derived from living components?

A

biologics

57
Q

True or False: Neomycin is very toxic if injected via the intravenous route,

A

True

58
Q

True or False: The same drug may have different effects when administered by different routes.

A

True

59
Q

True or False: Ivermectin should always be given orally.

A

False- can be given orally, parentally, or topically

59
Q

True or False: Ivermectin should always be given orally.

A

False- can be given orally, parentally, or topically

60
Q

True or False: Sulfonamides are broad spectrum antibiotics.

A

True

61
Q

What antibiotic can cause tissue irritation and even necrosis if it is not diluted when given by injection?

A

enrofloxacin

62
Q

What type of antibiotic is often added to the drinking water of immunosuppressed mice to prevent infection by Pneumocystis carinii?

A

Sulfonamide

63
Q

Who establishes the expiration date of an FDA-approved drug?

A

the drug manufacturer

64
Q

In the research setting, experimental drugs are also known as:

A

test articles

65
Q

The four “how” questions: “How much?” “How given?” “How often?” and “How long?” together define what term?

A

dosage

66
Q

The therapeutic index is a ratio that compares an effective dose to a:

A

toxic dose

67
Q

If an animal does not seem to be tolerating a drug well, what action should be taken by animal care personnel?

A

notify veterinarian

68
Q

What does the term “drug spectrum” refer to?

A

the type of organisms the drug is effective against

69
Q

When speaking of multimodal drug therapy, “modal” refers to different modes of:

A

action

70
Q

In the United States, what agency regulates drugs that are available on the market for human and animal use?

A

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

71
Q

What condition can result if guinea pigs are administered penicillins?

A

enterotoxemia

72
Q

What parasiticide is used to treat pinworms in rodents?

A

fenbendazole

73
Q

What species shows a manic excitement when given doses of morphine that cause depression in most other species?

A

cats

74
Q

Agents of what US government entity have the right to make unannounced inspections of facilities where controlled substances are present?

A

DEA

75
Q

How is a drug classified as pharmaceutical grade in the United States?

A

by being FDA approved

76
Q

In what three species should penicillin not be used or used only for short periods of time?

A

guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits

77
Q

The effect of administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together is called:

A

synergistic

78
Q

The four processes by which a drug is handled by the body — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion — are the focus of what discipline?

A

Pharmacokinetics

79
Q

Tamoxifen is an example of a drug whose efficacy is dependent upon what factor?

A

time of day

80
Q

The study of how a drug or compound is handled by the body:

A

pharmacokinetics

80
Q

The study of how a drug or compound is handled by the body:

A

pharmacokinetics

81
Q

What are the 4 “hows” of formulary dosages?

A

how much, how often, how given, how long

82
Q

True or False: The intended outcome of the therapeutic dose is to produce the desired pharmacological effect without producing toxicity.

A

True

83
Q

True or False: A drug that is given IV must be absorbed by tissues before reaching the bloodstream.

A

False

84
Q

True or False: In IP injection, the drug has to be absorbed through the peritoneum and be taken up by the capillaries before it enters the bloodstream.

A

True

85
Q

True or False: Oral administration is the fastest route to reach peak concentration.

A

False

86
Q

True or False: A drug given IV generally reaches its site of action quicker than one given IM.

A

True

87
Q

What are the 4 processes involved with how a drug is handled by the body, which are known as ADME?

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

88
Q

The peak effect of a drug occurs fastest by which route of administration?

A

IV

89
Q

The breakdown products of drugs are called:

A

metabolites

90
Q

What does the actual blood concentration of a drug depend on?

A

dose, administration site, and rates of absorption, distribution, and excretion

91
Q

True or False: The time of day a drug is administered does not matter.

A

False

92
Q

A capsule is an example of a _____________________ formulation.

A

controlled- release

93
Q

True or False: Excretion of drugs can occur through milk.

A

True

94
Q

What are the key benefits of multimodal therapy?

A

multiple sites of action lead to better clinical outcome, there is a reduced likelihood of adverse effects, lower doses may be used for the same effect

95
Q

One drug diminishes or reverses the effect of another

A

antagonism

96
Q

This term refers to the relative safety of the drug.

A

Therapeutic index

97
Q

response is more than the sum of the drugs given separately

A

Synergism

98
Q

One drug increases the effect of another

A

Potentiation

99
Q

response is equal to the sum of the drugs given separately

A

Additive Effect

100
Q

What 2 major organs are are involved with the excretion of drugs?

A

liver and kidneys

101
Q

What are 2 ways the animal’s gender that may influence the drug response?

A

hormone levels, pregnancy effects absorption/distribution/metabolism

102
Q

Tamoxifen is an example of a drug whose efficacy is dependent upon:

A

time of day given

103
Q

Why is it important to follow the same schedule for drug administration for all animals in the study?

A

changes in the body activity during the day can affect absorption, distribution, and metabolism

104
Q

What is the branch of the US government that regulates human and animal drug use?

A

Drug Enforcement Agency

105
Q

What does “off-label” mean?

A

the drug is being used in a way not specified in the FDA package insert

106
Q

What is the difference in pharmaceutical grade vs nonpharmaceutical grade drugs?

A

pharmaceutical grade drugs have been approved for use in the US by the FDA

107
Q

For an antibiotic, the term spectrum refers to:

A

the type of organisms it is effective against

108
Q

True or False: Among antibiotics, aminoglycosides have the least serious effects.

A

False

109
Q

A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is used to overcome:

A

the bacterial resistance to penicillin

110
Q

Why should penicillin not be used in guinea pigs and hamsters?

A

can cause fatal enterotoxemia

111
Q

True or False: Ivermectin should always be given orally.

A

False

112
Q

Pinworms can be eliminated in rodents by using ___________ as a food additive in rodent chow.

A

Fenbendazole

113
Q

True or False: Administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together has a synergistic effect.

A

True

114
Q

What compounds are produced from chrysanthemum plants and can be used to treat external parasites?

A

pyrethrins

115
Q

What best describes a polyvalent vaccine?

A

protects against multiple diseases

116
Q

What are the 3 types of information a technician should always check when picking up a vial containing a commercial drug preparation before it’s use?

A

drug name, strength, expiration date

LATG (24 decks)

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