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Pharma 1 (DUMP) > LE : Kidney > Flashcards

LE : Kidney Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is responsible for the formation of glomerular filtrate?

a) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

b) Distal Convoluted Tubule

c) Glomerulus

d) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop

A

c) Glomerulus

Rationale: The glomerulus is the site where blood is filtered to form the glomerular filtrate, which then flows through the rest of the nephron.

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2
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron has the highest water permeability?

a) Distal Convoluted Tubule

b) Glomerulus

c) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop

d) Medullary Collecting Duct

A

b) Glomerulus

Rationale: The glomerulus has an extremely high water permeability, allowing for the formation of the filtrate.

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3
Q
  1. Which transporter is primarily found in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

a) Na/K/2Cl^- (NKCC2)

b) Na/Cl^- (NCC)

c) Na/H^+ (NHE3)

d) Aquaporins

A

c) Na/H^+ (NHE3)

Rationale: The PCT primarily uses the Na/H^+ (NHE3) transporter for reabsorption processes.

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4
Q
  1. Which diuretic primarily acts on the Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop?

a) Thiazides

b) Loop diuretics

c) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

d) Vasopressin antagonists

A

b) Loop diuretics

Rationale: Loop diuretics primarily act on the Na/K/2Cl^- (NKCC2) transporter in the Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop.

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5
Q
  1. The reabsorption of which ion in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) is under parathyroid hormone control?

a) Na^+

b) K^+

c) Cl^-

d) Ca^2+

A

d) Ca^2+

Rationale: The reabsorption of Ca^2+ in the DCT is regulated by the parathyroid hormone.

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6
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for the passive reabsorption of water?

a) Thin Descending Limb of Henle’s Loop

b) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

c) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop

d) Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

a) Thin Descending Limb of Henle’s Loop

Rationale: The Thin Descending Limb of Henle’s Loop is specialized for passive water reabsorption due to its high water permeability.

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7
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is responsible for Na^+ reabsorption coupled to K^+ and H^+ secretion?

a) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

b) Distal Convoluted Tubule

c) Cortical Collecting Tubule

d) Medullary Collecting Duct

A

c) Cortical Collecting Tubule

Rationale: The Cortical Collecting Tubule is responsible for Na^+ reabsorption coupled to K^+ and H^+ secretion.

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8
Q
  1. Which transporter is not found in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

a) Na/H^+ (NHE3)

b) Carbonic anhydrase

c) Na/K/2Cl^- (NKCC2)

d) Na/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)

A

c) Na/K/2Cl^- (NKCC2)

Rationale: The Na/K/2Cl^- (NKCC2) transporter is primarily found in the Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop, not the PCT.

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9
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron reabsorbs nearly 100% of glucose and amino acids?

a) Glomerulus

b) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

c) Distal Convoluted Tubule

d) Medullary Collecting Duct

A

b) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Rationale: The PCT reabsorbs nearly 100% of glucose and amino acids from the filtrate.

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10
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron has variable water permeability and is under vasopressin control?

a) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

b) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop

c) Cortical Collecting Tubule

d) Medullary Collecting Duct

A

d) Medullary Collecting Duct

Rationale: The Medullary Collecting Duct has variable water permeability and its function is regulated by vasopressin.

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11
Q
  1. Which diuretic primarily acts on the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

a) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

b) Loop diuretics

c) Thiazides

d) Vasopressin antagonists

A

a) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors primarily act on the PCT, inhibiting the reabsorption processes there.

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12
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is responsible for the active reabsorption of 15-25% of filtered Na^+/K^+/Cl^-?

a) Thin Descending Limb of Henle’s Loop

b) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

c) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop

d) Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

c) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop

Rationale: The Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop actively reabsorbs 15-25% of filtered Na^+/K^+/Cl^-.

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13
Q
  1. Which transporter is primarily found in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) for glucose reabsorption?

A) NKCC2
B) ENaC
C) NHE3
D) SGLT2

A

D) SGLT2
Rationale: The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is responsible for reabsorbing nearly 100% of glucose in the PCT.

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14
Q
  1. Which diuretic primarily acts on the Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop (TAL)?

A) Thiazides
B) Loop diuretics
C) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
D) Vasopressin antagonists

A

B) Loop diuretics
Rationale: Loop diuretics inhibit the NKCC2 transporter in the TAL, preventing sodium, potassium, and chloride reabsorption.

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15
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron has the highest water permeability?

A) Distal Convoluted Tubule
B) Glomerulus
C) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
D) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop

A

B) Glomerulus
Rationale: The glomerulus has an extremely high water permeability, allowing for the formation of the filtrate.

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16
Q
  1. Which transporter is NOT found in the Cortical Collecting Tubule (CCT)?

A) Aquaporins
B) Na channels (ENaC)
C) NKCC2
D) K channels

A

Answer: C) NKCC2
Rationale: NKCC2 is primarily found in the Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop, not in the CCT.

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17
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of Ca^2+ under parathyroid hormone control?

A) Distal Convoluted Tubule
B) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
C) Medullary Collecting Duct
D) Glomerulus

A

A) Distal Convoluted Tubule
Rationale: The DCT actively reabsorbs Ca^2+ under the influence of parathyroid hormone.

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18
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is responsible for the passive reabsorption of water?

A) Thin Descending Limb of Henle’s Loop
B) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop
C) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
D) Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

A) Thin Descending Limb of Henle’s Loop
Rationale: The thin descending limb is permeable to water, allowing for passive reabsorption.

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19
Q
  1. Which transporter is associated with K^+-sparing diuretics?

A) Aquaporins
B) Na channels (ENaC)
C) NHE3
D) SGLT2

A

B) Na channels (ENaC)
Rationale: K^+-sparing diuretics act on the ENaC channels in the CCT, leading to decreased Na^+ reabsorption and increased K^+ retention.

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20
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron reabsorbs nearly 100% of glucose?

A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
B) Distal Convoluted Tubule
C) Glomerulus
D) Medullary Collecting Duct

A

A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Rationale: The PCT reabsorbs nearly all of the glucose from the filtrate using the SGLT2 transporter.

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21
Q
  1. Which diuretic acts on the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

A) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
B) Loop diuretics
C) Thiazides
D) Vasopressin antagonists

A

A) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act on the PCT, inhibiting the reabsorption of bicarbonate and sodium.

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22
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron has variable water permeability?

A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
B) Distal Convoluted Tubule
C) Cortical Collecting Tubule
D) Glomerulus

A

C) Cortical Collecting Tubule
Rationale: The CCT has variable water permeability, which can be influenced by hormones like vasopressin.

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23
Q
  1. Which transporter is NOT found in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

A) NHE3
B) SGLT2
C) NKCC2
D) Carbonic anhydrase

A

C) NKCC2
Rationale: NKCC2 is found in the Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop, not in the PCT.

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24
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is responsible for the secretion and reabsorption of organic acids and bases?

A) Proximal Tubule, Straight Segments
B) Thin Descending Limb of Henle’s Loop
C) Distal Convoluted Tubule
D) Medullary Collecting Duct

A

A) Proximal Tubule, Straight Segments
Rationale: The straight segments of the proximal tubule are involved in the secretion and reabsorption of organic acids and bases.

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25
Q
  1. Which diuretic primarily acts on the Medullary Collecting Duct?

A) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
B) Loop diuretics
C) Thiazides
D) Vasopressin antagonists

A

D) Vasopressin antagonists
Rationale: Vasopressin antagonists act on the medullary collecting duct, inhibiting water reabsorption.

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26
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron has the lowest water permeability?

A) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop
B) Thin Descending Limb of Henle’s Loop
C) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
D) Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

A) Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop
Rationale: The thick ascending limb is impermeable to water, preventing its reabsorption.

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27
Q
  1. Which transporter is associated with the reabsorption of Na^+, K^+, and Cl^- in the nephron?

A) NKCC2
B) ENaC
C) NHE3
D) SGLT2

A

A) NKCC2
Rationale: The NKCC2 transporter is responsible for the reabsorption of Na^+, K^+, and Cl^- in the Thick Ascending Limb of Henle’s Loop.

28
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of 2-5% of Na^+?

A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
B) Distal Convoluted Tubule
C) Cortical Collecting Tubule
D) Medullary Collecting Duct

A

C) Cortical Collecting Tubule
Rationale: The CCT is responsible for the reabsorption of 2-5% of Na^+.

29
Q
  1. Which transporter is NOT found in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?

A) NHE3
B) SGLT2
C) NKCC2
D) NCC

A

A) NHE3
Rationale: NHE3 is primarily found in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule, not in the DCT.

30
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of nearly 100% of amino acids?

A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
B) Distal Convoluted Tubule
C) Glomerulus
D) Medullary Collecting Duct

A

A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Rationale: The PCT reabsorbs nearly all of the amino acids from the filtrate.

31
Q
  1. Which diuretic acts on the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?

A) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
B) Loop diuretics
C) Thiazides
D) Vasopressin antagonists

A

C) Thiazides
Rationale: Thiazides act on the DCT, inhibiting the NCC transporter and reducing sodium reabsorption.

32
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron has variable water permeability and is influenced by vasopressin?

A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
B) Distal Convoluted Tubule
C) Cortical Collecting Tubule
D) Glomerulus

A

C) Cortical Collecting Tubule
Rationale: The CCT has variable water permeability, which can be influenced by hormones like vasopressin.

33
Q
  1. Which transporter is associated with the reabsorption of glucose in the nephron?

A) NKCC2
B) ENaC
C) NHE3
D) SGLT2

A

D) SGLT2
Rationale: The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is responsible for reabsorbing nearly 100% of glucose in the PCT.

34
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of approximately 66% of filtered sodium ions (Na+)?

A) Distal tubule

B) Loop of Henle

C) Proximal tubule

D) Collecting duct

A

C) Proximal tubule

Rationale: The proximal tubule is responsible for the reabsorption of a significant portion of the filtered solutes, including approximately 66% of sodium ions.

35
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors are primarily used in the treatment of which condition?

A) Hypertension

B) Diabetes

C) Glaucoma

D) Asthma

A

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule, leading to increased glucose excretion in the urine. They are used in the treatment of diabetes.

Dapagliflozin
Canagliflozin

36
Q
  1. Which drug inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule?

A) Caffeine

B) Theophylline

C) Acetazolamide

D) Theobromine

A

C) Acetazolamide

Rationale: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule.

37
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT an adenosine antagonist?

A) Caffeine

B) Theophylline

C) Acetazolamide

D) Theobromine

A

C) Acetazolamide

Rationale: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, while caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine are adenosine antagonists.

38
Q
  1. The diuretic property of SGLT2 inhibitors is primarily due to:

A) Reduced sodium reabsorption

B) Increased potassium excretion

C) Increased glucose excretion

D) Reduced water reabsorption

A

C) Increased glucose excretion

Rationale: The diuretic effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is due to osmotic diuresis caused by increased urinary glucose excretion.

39
Q
  1. Which segment of the nephron reabsorbs virtually all of the filtered glucose?

A) Distal tubule

B) Loop of Henle

C) Proximal tubule

D) Collecting duct

A

C) Proximal tubule

Rationale: The proximal tubule is responsible for the reabsorption of virtually all of the filtered glucose.

40
Q
  1. Adenosine antagonists like caffeine are primarily used as:

A) Diuretics

B) Bronchodilators

C) Stimulants

D) Antihypertensives

A

C) Stimulants

Rationale: Adenosine antagonists such as caffeine increase alertness and reduce fatigue, acting as stimulants.

41
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed in significant amounts in the proximal tubule?

A) Sodium ions (Na+)

B) Glucose

C) Urea

D) Amino acids

A

C) Urea

Rationale: While the proximal tubule reabsorbs significant amounts of sodium ions, glucose, and amino acids, urea is not predominantly reabsorbed in this segment.

42
Q
  1. Which drug is used in the treatment of altitude sickness?

A) Caffeine

B) Theophylline

C) Acetazolamide

D) Theobromine

A

C) Acetazolamide

Rationale: Acetazolamide is used in the treatment of conditions like altitude sickness due to its ability to reduce the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions.

43
Q
  1. The primary function of carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule is to facilitate the reabsorption of:

A) Sodium ions

B) Bicarbonate ions

C) Glucose

D) Water

A

B) Bicarbonate ions

Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase plays a role in the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule.

44
Q
  1. The diuretic effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is due to:

A) Inhibition of sodium reabsorption

B) Inhibition of glucose reabsorption

C) Stimulation of potassium excretion

D) Stimulation of water excretion

A

B) Inhibition of glucose reabsorption

Rationale: SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule, leading to increased glucose excretion and a diuretic effect.

45
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the proximal tubule?

A) Reabsorption of glucose

B) Reabsorption of amino acids

C) Secretion of potassium

D) Reabsorption of sodium ions

A

C) Secretion of potassium

Rationale: The primary functions of the proximal tubule include reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and sodium ions. Secretion of potassium is not a primary function of this segment.

46
Q

Which of the following drugs acts on the Loop of Henle?

A) Hydrochlorothiazide
B) Amiloride
C) Furosemide
D) Spironolactone

A

Answer: C) Furosemide
Rationale: Furosemide is a loop diuretic that acts on the Loop of Henle.

47
Q

Which drug inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubule?

A) Torsemide
B) Hydrochlorothiazide
C) Triamterene
D) Eplerenone

A

B) Hydrochlorothiazide
Rationale: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that acts on the distal convoluted tubule.

48
Q

Which drug is an aldosterone antagonist?

A) Amiloride
B) Methyclothiazide
C) Canrenone
D) Ethacrynic acid

A

C) Canrenone
Rationale: Canrenone is an aldosterone antagonist that acts on the collecting tubule system.

49
Q

Which of the following drugs is NOT a loop diuretic?

A) Bumetanide
B) Furosemide
C) Torsemide
D) Triamterene

A

D) Triamterene
Rationale: Triamterene is an ENaC blocker, not a loop diuretic.

50
Q

Which drug blocks the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)?

A) Spironolactone
B) Amiloride
C) Furosemide
D) Hydrochlorothiazide

A

B) Amiloride
Rationale: Amiloride is an ENaC blocker that acts on the collecting tubule system.

51
Q

Which drug antagonizes the action of vasopressin on the V2 receptors?

A) Tolvaptan
B) Eplerenone
C) Methyclothiazide
D) Bumetanide

A

A) Tolvaptan
Rationale: Tolvaptan is a vasopressin antagonist that acts on the medullary collecting duct.

52
Q

Ethacrynic acid is an example of which class of diuretics?

A) Thiazides
B) Loop diuretics
C) Aldosterone antagonists
D) ENaC blockers

A

B) Loop diuretics
Rationale: Ethacrynic acid is a loop diuretic.

53
Q

Which drug is NOT an aldosterone antagonist?

A) Spironolactone
B) Eplerenone
C) Triamterene
D) Canrenone

A

C) Triamterene
Rationale: Triamterene is an ENaC blocker, not an aldosterone antagonist.

54
Q

Which of the following drugs acts on the distal convoluted tubule?

A) Methyclothiazide
B) Furosemide
C) Amiloride
D) Tolvaptan

A

A) Methyclothiazide
Rationale: Methyclothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that acts on the distal convoluted tubule.

55
Q

Which drug inhibits the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A) Hydrochlorothiazide
B) Torsemide
C) Amiloride
D) Spironolactone

A

B) Torsemide
Rationale: Torsemide is a loop diuretic that inhibits NKCC2.

56
Q

Which of the following is NOT a potassium-sparing diuretic?

A) Amiloride
B) Triamterene
C) Furosemide
D) Spironolactone

A

C) Furosemide
Rationale: Furosemide is a loop diuretic, not a potassium-sparing diuretic.

57
Q

Which drug is a vasopressin antagonist?

A) Conivaptan
B) Eplerenone
C) Methyclothiazide
D) Bumetanide

A

A) Conivaptan
Rationale: Conivaptan is a vasopressin antagonist that acts on the medullary collecting duct.

58
Q

Which of the following drugs is an ENaC blocker?

A) Spironolactone
B) Amiloride
C) Furosemide
D) Hydrochlorothiazide

A

B) Amiloride
Rationale: Amiloride is an ENaC blocker that acts on the collecting tubule system.

59
Q

Which drug is NOT a thiazide diuretic?

A) Hydrochlorothiazide
B) Methyclothiazide
C) Canrenone
D) Ethacrynic acid

A

C) Canrenone
Rationale: Canrenone is an aldosterone antagonist, not a thiazide diuretic.

60
Q

Which of the following drugs acts on the collecting tubule system?

A) Methyclothiazide
B) Furosemide
C) Amiloride
D) Tolvaptan

A

C) Amiloride
Rationale: Amiloride is an ENaC blocker that acts on the collecting tubule system.

61
Q

Which drug antagonizes the action of aldosterone?

A) Tolvaptan
B) Eplerenone
C) Methyclothiazide
D) Bumetanide

A

B) Eplerenone
Rationale: Eplerenone is an aldosterone antagonist.

62
Q

Which of the following drugs is a loop diuretic?

A) Bumetanide
B) Hydrochlorothiazide
C) Triamterene
D) Canrenone

A

A) Bumetanide
Rationale: Bumetanide is a loop diuretic that acts on the Loop of Henle.

63
Q

Which drug is NOT an ENaC blocker?

A) Amiloride
B) Triamterene
C) Furosemide
D) Spironolactone

A

C) Furosemide
Rationale: Furosemide is a loop diuretic, not an ENaC blocker.

64
Q

Which of the following drugs is a thiazide diuretic?

A) Methyclothiazide
B) Furosemide
C) Amiloride
D) Tolvaptan

A

A) Methyclothiazide
Rationale: Methyclothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that acts on the distal convoluted tubule.

65
Q

Which drug inhibits the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC2)?

A) Hydrochlorothiazide
B) Torsemide
C) Amiloride
D) Spironolactone

A

B) Torsemide
Rationale: Torsemide is a loop diuretic that inhibits NKCC2.

Pharma 1 (DUMP) (16 decks)

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