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Pharma 1 (DUMP) > MOA - BIOCIDES > Flashcards

MOA - BIOCIDES Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is used on inanimate objects to destroy or inhibit microorganisms?
a) Antibiotics
b) Antiseptics
c) Disinfectants
d) Preservation

A

c) Disinfectants
Rationale:
Disinfectants : inanimate objects
antiseptics are : living tissues
antibiotics : specific bacteria.

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2
Q

A substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms but does not necessarily kill them would be termed:
a) Biocidal
b) Static
c) Cidal
d) Sterilizing

A

b) Static
Rationale: The term “-static” specifically refers to inhibiting growth without necessarily killing the organism.

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3
Q

Which process completely removes or destroys all microbial life, including spores?
a) Cleaning
b) Disinfection
c) Sterilization
d) Preservation

A

c) Sterilization
Rationale: Sterilization ensures that all microbial life forms are eliminated or deactivated.

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4
Q

What are substances that can inhibit or destroy selective bacteria or microorganisms called?
a) Biocides
b) Disinfectants
c) Antibiotics
d) Antiseptics

A

c) Antibiotics
Rationale: Antibiotics specifically target selective bacteria or microorganisms, whereas other options have broader applications.

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5
Q

Which term describes the prevention of microorganism multiplication in foods?
a) Cleaning
b) Preservation
c) Sterilization
d) Antiseptic

A

b) Preservation
Rationale: Preservation methods prevent the multiplication of microorganisms in various products, including foods.

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6
Q

What is the primary purpose of cleaning?
a) Kill microorganisms
b) Inhibit growth of microorganisms
c) Remove foreign material from a surface
d) Destroy bacterial spores

A

c) Remove foreign material from a surface
Rationale: Cleaning refers to the physical removal of foreign material, not necessarily the elimination or inhibition of microorganisms.

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7
Q

Which substance is primarily used on living tissues to inhibit the growth of microorganisms?
a) Antibiotics
b) Biocide
c) Antiseptics
d) Disinfectants

A

c) Antiseptics
Rationale: Antiseptics are designed to be used on living tissues, while disinfectants are for inanimate objects.

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8
Q

What is a general term referring to a chemical agent that inactivates microorganisms?
a) Disinfectant
b) Antiseptic
c) Biocide
d) Antibiotic

A

c) Biocide
Rationale: The term “biocide” is a general term used to describe a chemical agent that can inactivate microorganisms.

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9
Q

Which term describes a substance that kills microorganisms?
a) Cidal
b) Static
c) Biocide
d) Preservation

A

a) Cidal
Rationale: The term “-cidal” denotes killing, while “-static” indicates inhibition.

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10
Q

What is the primary difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?
a) Their chemical composition
b) Their mode of action against bacteria
c) Their use on living tissues vs. inanimate objects
d) Their shelf life

A

c) Their use on living tissues vs. inanimate objects
Rationale: Antiseptics are used on living tissues, while disinfectants are designed for inanimate objects.

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11
Q
  1. What mechanism is primarily associated with Glutaraldehyde?
    A) DNA intercalation
    B) Interaction with thiol groups
    C) Cross-linking of proteins
    D) Generalized membrane damage
A

C) Cross-linking of proteins

Rationale: Glutaraldehyde functions by cross-linking proteins, both in the cell envelope and within the cell.

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12
Q
  1. EDTA is particularly effective against which bacteria?
    A) Gram-positive bacteria
    B) Gram-negative bacteria
    C) All bacteria equally
    D) Neither, it targets viruses
A

B) Gram-negative bacteria

Rationale: EDTA is used for the removal of Mg2+ and the release of some LPS in Gram-negative bacteria.

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13
Q
  1. What effect does Chlorhexidine have at low concentrations?
    A) DNA strand breakage
    B) Membrane integrity disruption
    C) Cross-linking of proteins
    D) Leakage of amino acids
A

B) Membrane integrity disruption

Rationale:
At low concentrations : membrane integrity of the targeted cell.
At high concentrations : cytoplasm to congeal.

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14
Q
  1. Acridines primarily target which of the following?
    A) Thiol groups in proteins
    B) DNA intercalation
    C) Oxidation of thiol groups
    D) Cell envelope
A

B) DNA intercalation

Rationale: Acridines function by intercalating between two layers of base pairs in DNA.

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15
Q
  1. Which substance is known for the oxidation of thiol groups to disulfides, sulfoxides, or disulfoxides?
    A) Silver compounds
    B) Hydrogen peroxide
    C) Halogens
    D) Acridines
A

C) Halogens

Rationale: Halogens work through the oxidation of thiol groups to various forms like disulfides.

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16
Q
  1. Which compound is associated with inducing leakage of amino acids?
    A) Diamines
    B) Phenols
    C) QACs
    D) Chlorhexidine
A

A) Diamines

Rationale: Diamines cause the leakage of amino acids from cells.

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17
Q
  1. Formaldehyde is associated with cross-linking of:
    A) Only proteins
    B) Proteins and RNA
    C) Proteins, RNA, and DNA
    D) Only DNA
A

C) Proteins, RNA, and DNA

Rationale: Formaldehyde functions by cross-linking proteins, RNA, and DNA.

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18
Q
  1. What is the primary action of QACs on microbial cells?
    A) DNA intercalation
    B) Generalized membrane damage
    C) Effects on DNA synthesis
    D) Induction of leakage of amino acids
A

B) Generalized membrane damage

Rationale: QACs cause generalized membrane damage, particularly to phospholipid bilayers.

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19
Q
  1. At high concentrations, what effect does Chlorhexidine have?
    A) Induction of leakage of amino acids
    B) DNA strand breakage
    C) Congealing of cytoplasm
    D) Removal of Mg2+
A

C) Congealing of cytoplasm

Rationale: At high concentrations, Chlorhexidine causes the cytoplasm to congeal.

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20
Q
  1. Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) causes:
    A) Cross-linking of proteins
    B) Phase separation and domain formation of membrane lipids
    C) DNA intercalation
    D) Leakage of amino acids
A

B) Phase separation and domain formation of membrane lipids

Rationale: PHMB causes phase separation and domain formation in membrane lipids.

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21
Q
  1. Which compound is involved in DNA strand breakage?
    A) Chlorhexidine
    B) Hydrogen peroxide
    C) EDTA
    D) Phenols
A

B) Hydrogen peroxide

Rationale: Hydrogen peroxide causes DNA strand breakage in targeted cells.

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22
Q
  1. Acridines function by:
    A) Disrupting the cytoplasm
    B) Inducing leakage of amino acids
    C) Intercalation between two layers of base pairs in DNA
    D) Cross-linking proteins
A

C) Intercalation between two layers of base pairs in DNA

Rationale: Acridines are known to intercalate between two layers of base pairs in DNA.

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23
Q
  1. Silver compounds primarily target:
    A) DNA synthesis
    B) Oxidation of thiol groups
    C) Membrane-bound enzymes through interaction with thiol groups
    D) Generalized membrane damage
A

C) Membrane-bound enzymes through interaction with thiol groups

Rationale: Silver compounds target membrane-bound enzymes by interacting with their thiol groups.

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24
Q
  1. Which compound’s activity results from the formation of free hydroxy radicals (OH)?
    A) Halogens
    B) Peracetic acid
    C) Hydrogen peroxide
    D) Acridines
A

C) Hydrogen peroxide

Rationale: Hydrogen peroxide’s activity is due to the formation of free hydroxy radicals.

25
Q
  1. What is the primary effect of Phenols on microbial cells?
    A) DNA strand breakage
    B) Leakage
    C) Cross-linking of proteins
    D) Generalized membrane damage
A

B) Leakage

Rationale: Phenols primarily induce leakage in cells, though some can also cause uncoupling.

26
Q
  1. Which of the following best describes the action of EDTA?
    A) Induction of leakage of amino acids
    B) Removal of Mg2+ and release of some LPS
    C) Cross-linking of RNA and DNA
    D) DNA intercalation
A

B) Removal of Mg2+ and release of some LPS

Rationale: EDTA acts by removing Mg2+ and releasing some LPS, especially in Gram-negative bacteria.

27
Q
  1. The mechanism of Glutaraldehyde involves:
    A) Cross-linking proteins in the cell envelope and elsewhere in the cell
    B) DNA strand breakage
    C) Induction of leakage of amino acids
    D) DNA intercalation
A

A) Cross-linking proteins in the cell envelope and elsewhere in the cell

Rationale: Glutaraldehyde’s primary mechanism involves cross-linking proteins both in the cell envelope and within the cell.

28
Q
  1. Which disinfectant acts by the disruption of thiol groups in proteins and enzymes?
    A) Acridines
    B) Halogens
    C) Peracetic acid (PAA)
    D) QACs
A

C) Peracetic acid (PAA)

Rationale: Peracetic acid acts by disrupting thiol groups in proteins and enzymes.

29
Q
  1. Which of the following disinfectants has the primary action of DNA intercalation?
    A) Diamines
    B) Acridines
    C) Halogens
    D) Glutaraldehyde
A

B) Acridines

Rationale: Acridines function by intercalating between two layers of base pairs in DNA.

30
Q
  1. What is the primary mechanism of action of Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)?
    A) Cross-linking of proteins
    B) Induction of leakage of amino acids
    C) Phase separation and domain formation of membrane lipids
    D) DNA strand breakage
A

C) Phase separation and domain formation of membrane lipids

Rationale: PHMB works by causing phase separation and domain formation in membrane lipids.

31
Q
  1. Which disinfectant inhibits DNA synthesis?
    A) Halogens
    B) Chlorhexidine
    C) EDTA
    D) Diamines
A

A) Halogens

Rationale: Halogens act by inhibiting DNA synthesis in targeted cells.

32
Q
  1. Which compound causes the oxidation of thiol groups to forms like disulfides?
    A) QACs
    B) Halogens
    C) Silver compounds
    D) Phenols
A

B) Halogens

Rationale: Halogens oxidize thiol groups to various forms such as disulfides.

33
Q
  1. Chlorhexidine at high concentrations primarily results in:
    A) Removal of Mg2+
    B) Generalized membrane damage
    C) Congealing of cytoplasm
    D) DNA strand breakage
A

C) Congealing of cytoplasm

Rationale: At high concentrations, Chlorhexidine causes the cytoplasm to congeal.

34
Q
  1. Which substance primarily targets membrane-bound enzymes through interactions with thiol groups?
    A) Hydrogen peroxide
    B) Silver compounds
    C) Halogens
    D) QACs
A

B) Silver compounds

Rationale: Silver compounds target membrane-bound enzymes by interacting with their thiol groups.

35
Q
  1. What is the primary action of QACs on microbial cells?
    A) DNA intercalation
    B) Cross-linking of proteins
    C) Generalized membrane damage
    D) Effects on DNA synthesis
A

C) Generalized membrane damage

Rationale: QACs cause generalized membrane damage, particularly affecting phospholipid bilayers.

36
Q

1: Which of the following is a reason for the limited investigation into the mechanisms of antiprotozoal action?

a) Protozoa can easily be cultured in any laboratory setting.
b) Antiprotozoal drugs have already been perfected.
c) There is difficulty in culturing certain protozoa, like Cryptosporidium, under laboratory conditions.
d) Protozoa are resistant to all forms of treatment.

A

c) There is difficulty in culturing certain protozoa, like Cryptosporidium, under laboratory conditions.

Rationale: The text specifically mentions that a challenge in researching the mechanism of antiprotozoal action is the difficulty associated with growing specific protozoa in lab conditions.

37
Q

2: Which component of a virus is responsible for its shape and protects its nucleic acids?

a) Envelope
b) Capsid
c) Viral genome
d) Endosome

A

b) Capsid

Rationale: The capsid is the protein shell of a virus, which is responsible for the virus’s shape and provides protection to the viral nucleic acids.

38
Q

Which part of a virus is derived from the host cell’s cytoplasmic or nuclear membrane?

a) Capsid
b) Ribosomes
c) Viral envelope
d) Viral RNA

A

c) Viral envelope

Rationale: The viral envelope is a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell’s cytoplasmic or nuclear membrane, containing specific viral proteins.

39
Q

4: Why is the release of viral nucleic acids from a destroyed capsid concerning?

a) The nucleic acids cannot cause further infection.
b) The nucleic acids are rendered inactive without the capsid.
c) Some nucleic acids are infective even when liberated from the capsid.
d) The nucleic acids immediately die upon release.

A

c) Some nucleic acids are infective even when liberated from the capsid.

Rationale: Even if the capsid is destroyed, the viral nucleic acids can still be infectious, which is why their release is of concern.

40
Q

Protozoa are ________.

a) non-living infectious agents
b) eukaryotic single-celled organisms
c) the same as bacteria
d) multicellular animals

A

b) eukaryotic single-celled organisms

Rationale: Protozoa are eukaryotic, which means they have a nucleus, and are single-celled organisms. They are different from bacteria, viruses, and multicellular animals.

41
Q

Which agent is commonly used in sanitary hand gels in hospitals due to its rapid evaporation and efficacy against bacteria and some viruses?

A. Biguanides
B. Alcohols
C. Metal Derivatives
D. Peroxygens

A

B. Alcohols
Rationale: Alcohols are used in sanitary hand gels in hospitals because they kill many bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. Their quick evaporation is suitable for hand sanitizers.

42
Q

Why are aldehydes not ideal for general antisepsis?

A. They evaporate too quickly.
B. They have high toxicity.
C. They are ineffective against bacteria.
D. They are expensive.

A

B. They have high toxicity.
Rationale: Aldehydes show broad activity against various pathogens, but they are not used for general antisepsis because of their high toxicity.

43
Q

Biguanides exhibit which of the following properties?

A. Rapid action and evaporation
B. High toxicity
C. Residual activity due to slow evaporation
D. High effectiveness against viruses

A

C. Residual activity due to slow evaporation
Rationale: Biguanides are slow-acting and don’t evaporate easily, providing some residual activity, which is desirable for some applications.

44
Q

Which compound, commonly used in antiseptic soaps, has raised concerns due to its environmental accumulation?

A. Phenol
B. Diamidines
C. Triclosan
D. Peracetic acid

A

C. Triclosan
Rationale: Triclosan, a bisphenol, has raised concerns because of its potential effects on the skin and its accumulation in the environment.

45
Q

What unique property do diamidines possess compared to other agents?

A. They are highly volatile.
B. They work even in the presence of organic matter.
C. They are highly toxic.
D. They have no residual action.

A

B. They work even in the presence of organic matter.
Rationale: Diamidines, unlike some other agents, still function effectively in the presence of organic matter.

46
Q

Which agent is known for its environmentally friendly nature and decomposes into safe by-products?

A. Phenolics
B. Quaternary Ammonium Salt
C. Metal Derivatives
D. Peroxygens

A

D. Peroxygens
Rationale: Peroxygens are known for being environmentally friendly, as they break down into safe by-products.

47
Q

Which agent is no longer used due to its corrosive and carcinogenic properties but has derivatives that are commonly employed?

A. Phenol
B. Biguanides
C. Alcohols
D. Aldehydes

A

A. Phenol
Rationale: Phenol itself is no longer in use due to its corrosive and carcinogenic properties, but its derivatives are still used for disinfecting purposes.

48
Q

Quaternary Ammonium Salts are effective against which types of bacteria?

A. Only gram-positive bacteria
B. Only gram-negative bacteria
C. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
D. Neither gram-positive nor gram-negative bacteria

A

C. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Rationale: Quaternary Ammonium Salts are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

49
Q

Which antimicrobial agent is primarily used for the topical treatment of wounds?

A. Diamidines
B. Bisphenols
C. Peroxygens
D. Phenolics

A

A. Diamidines
Rationale: Diamidines are mainly used for the topical treatment of wounds.

50
Q

Silver salts, a type of metal derivative, are used primarily for?
A. Disinfection of medical instruments.
B. Halting bacterial growth in burn wounds.
C. Vaccine preservation.
D. Sanitary hand gels.

A

B. Halting bacterial growth in burn wounds.
Rationale: Silver salts are used for their bactericidal properties in burn wounds.

51
Q

Which agent decomposes into safe by-products and often requires stabilizers to prevent decomposition?
A. Alcohols
B. Peroxygens
C. Phenolics
D. Biguanides

A

B. Peroxygens
Rationale: Peroxygens decompose into environmentally friendly by-products and often need stabilizers to prevent this decomposition.

52
Q

Which compound, when combined with alcohols, can increase efficacy?
A. Phenolics
B. Aldehydes
C. Biguanides
D. Quaternary Ammonium Salt

A

C. Biguanides
Rationale: Combining biguanides with alcohol boosts their efficacy.

53
Q

Thiomersal, a metal derivative, is used in which of the following applications?
A. Hand sanitizers
B. Vaccine preservation
C. Antiseptic soaps
D. Skin antisepsis in surgical procedures

A

B. Vaccine preservation
Rationale: Thiomersal is used as a preservative in some vaccines.

54
Q

Which agent is known to give hospitals their distinctive smell?
A. Aldehydes
B. Biguanides
C. Peroxygens
D. Phenolics

A

D. Phenolics
Rationale: Phenolics, and their derivatives, are partly responsible for the characteristic smell of hospitals.

55
Q

Which agent can be used to disinfect surfaces in food-handling areas due to its low toxicity?
A. Phenolics
B. Aldehydes
C. Quaternary Ammonium Salt
D. Alcohols

A

C. Quaternary Ammonium Salt
Rationale: Due to its low toxicity, Quaternary Ammonium Salt can be used to disinfect surfaces in areas where food is handled.

56
Q

Which agent is not used for sterilization despite its high efficacy because it evaporates easily?
A. Peroxygens
B. Biguanides
C. Alcohols
D. Metal Derivatives

A

C. Alcohols
Rationale: While alcohols are effective against many pathogens, they evaporate too quickly to be used for sterilization.

57
Q

Which agent is more potent in the family of peroxygens?
A. Hydrogen peroxide
B. Peracetic acid
C. Phenol peroxide
D. Aldehyde peroxide

A

B. Peracetic acid
Rationale: Among peroxygens, peracetic acid is known to be more potent.

58
Q

Which agent has been associated with concerns about its effects on skin and environmental accumulation?
A. Triclosan
B. Diamidines
C. Phenol
D. Quaternary Ammonium Salt

A

A. Triclosan
Rationale: Triclosan, used in antiseptic soaps, has raised concerns due to potential skin effects and its accumulation in the environment.

Pharma 1 (DUMP) (16 decks)

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