Learning and Memory Flashcards

Question

Fixed ratio schedules (FR)

Answer 1

reinforce a behaviour after a specific number of performances of the behaviour

Answer 2

A type of FR schedule where the behaviour is rewarded every time

Answer 3

reinforce a behaviour after a varying number of performances - average # of performances is usually constant - have the fastest response rate - most resistant to extinguishing

Answer 4

reinforce the first instance of a behaviour after a specific time period has elapsed

Answer 5

reinforce the first instance of a behaviour after a variable interval of time

Answer 6

Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviours

Answer 7

learning that occurs without reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated when a reward is introduced

Answer 8

Trial and error approach, testing behaviours until they yield a rewards -humans and chimps tend to avoid this and analyze the situation first

Answer 9

animals are most able to learn behaviours that coincide with their natural behaviours

Answer 10

Difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviours | -animals don't tend to do well with behaviours that counteract their natural instincts

Answer 11

Learning a new behaviour/gaining info by watching others -ex: Alberto Bandura and the Bobo doll *not just imitation, can be used to teach individuals to avoid behaviour as well

Answer 12

Located in the frontal and parietal lobes - fire when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing that action - largely involved in motor processes - related to empathy and vicarious emotions

Answer 13

Observational learning by watching others perform actions | -children tend to model actions more than what people say

Answer 14

Process of putting new information into memory

Answer 15

form of encoding that happens spontaneously, information is gained without effort

Answer 16

Actively working to gain information

Answer 17

visualizing the meaning of information | -weakest form of encoding

Answer 18

storing the way information sounds

Answer 19

Putting the information into a meaningful context | -strongest

Answer 20

Tend to recall information best when we put it into the context of our own lives

Answer 21

repetition of a piece of information to keep it in your working memory or to store it in short or long term memory

Answer 22

acronyms or rhyming phrases that provide organization for the information

Answer 23

Associating each item in the list with a location along a previously memorized route (through a building or down a street)

Answer 24

associated numbers with items that rhyme or resemble the numbers -eg. one and sun

Answer 25

Involves taking individual elements of a large list and lumping them into groups with related meaning

Answer 26

First and most fleeting form of memory - consists of iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory - only lasts 1 second, will fade unless attended to - memory is maintained by the major projection area of each sensory system

Answer 27

If a 3x3 list of letters is flashed on a screen, participants can correctly identify 3-4 letters when asked to list all the letters (whole report) but can very accurately list any of the rows of letters immediately after (partial report)

Answer 28

Fades quickly, usually after 30 seconds unless rehearsed - limited to ~7 items (7+/- 2 rule) * space can be increased by clustering and time extended by maintenance rehearsal Housed primarily in the hippocampus

Answer 29

Enables retention of a few pieces of information and manipulation of that information - need to integrate short term memory, attention, and executive function - supported by the hippocampus - frontal and parietal lobes are also involved

Answer 30

Limitless storage for the information moved here from short term memory -done through elaborative rehearsal = association of the information to knowledge already stored in long term memory (tied to the self reference effect) Controlled by the hippocampus but some very long term memories are moved to the cerebral cortex 2 types - Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) - Explicit (declarative)

Answer 31

Also called non-declarative or procedural - consists of skills/tasks and conditioned responses - "unconscious memory"

Answer 32

Also called declarative memory - consists for memory that require conscious recall - further divided into: 1. semantic memory (known facts) 2. episodic memory (experiences)

Answer 33

process of demonstrating that something has been learned and retained - not simply recall - applies to the recognition or quick relearning of info

Answer 34

retrieval + statement of previously learned information

Answer 35

Process of identifying a piece of info that was learned

Answer 36

Hermann Ebbinghaus and the list memorization -found that the more times he studied a list of words the better he could remember them AND the longer the time between study sessions, the better the recall

Answer 37

Longer time between sessions of relearning equates better retention of the information later on

Answer 38

Concepts/memories are linked together in the brain based on similar meaning

Answer 39

When one node of a semantic network is activated, the other linked concepts are also subconsciously activated -linked to priming

Answer 40

Recall is aided by presenting someone with a word/phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory

Answer 41

Memory is aided by being in the physical location where the encoding took place

Answer 42

Mental state can alter recall - being drunk means you will recall tasks/facts better when you're drunk - bad mood primes negative memories (helping the mood persist)

Answer 43

In learning lists, people have a higher recall for the first few items and the last few items on the list - early items = primacy effect - later items = recency effect *when asked to remember the list later, show strong recall for first items but recall of later ones fade

Answer 44

Degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that links to the hippocampus - dementia - memory loss - brain atrophy

Answer 45

progressive loss of cognitive function

Answer 46

Retrograde fashion | -loss of recent memories before distant memories

Answer 47

1. Neurofibrillary tangles 2. ß-amyloid plaques (incorrectly folded precursor proteins) 3. Shrunken hippocampus 4. Shrunken cerebral cortex 5. Enlarged ventricles

Answer 48

Increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon/evening in Alzheimer's patients

Answer 49

Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain - causes both retrograde and anterograde amnesia - also causes confabulation (creation of vivid but false memories)

Answer 50

loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds - usually only one of the 3 - caused by physical damage to the brain like stroke or MS

Answer 51

Loss of memories naturally over time due to fading of neurochemical trace

Answer 52

For a day or 2 after learning a list, the recall falls down sharply but then levels out

Answer 53

Retrieval error caused by the existence of other, similar information -proactive and retroactive

Answer 54

Old information prevents the learning of new, similar information -ex: new address after moving

Answer 55

New information causes the forgetting of old information | -can be reduced by minimizing the # of interfering events

Answer 56

- Recognition & skill based memory does not decline - Semantically meaningful recall does not decline - Prospective memory (remembering to perform a task in the future) remains intact when event based (primed by a trigger event) * time based prospective memory (ie. pills) does tend to decline with age

Answer 57

People will remember being shown things a certain way if misleading information is provided (ie cat being in a picture if they were told it was) applies to recall as well. People will remember something as more intense than it was if they are asked about it using more descriptive and intense language

Answer 58

Confusion between episodic and semantic memory | -can remember the details of an event but confusion about the source

Answer 59

Ability of our brain to form rapid neural connections in response to stimuli

Answer 60

Weak neural connections are broken while strong ones re bolstered as we grow older -increases the brain's efficiency in processing info

Answer 61

*Neurophysiological basis of long term memory* Neural activity forms a memory trace by repeated or rehearsal of a stimulus -stimulated neurons become more efficient at releasing their neurotransmitters -receptor neuron density is increased

Answer 62

1. Sensory memory in the projection area of a sensory modality 2. Sensory memory is maintained and moved as a short term memory into the hippocampus (temporal lobe) 3. Can be manipulated via working memory while in the hippocampus (in tandem with the frontal and parietal lobes) AND/OR stored for later recall 4. Over very long times memories are gradually moved from the hippocampus to the cerebral cortex

Learning and Memory Flashcards

(86 cards)