Leaves and Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

2 major functions of leaves

A

photosynthesis and transpiration/gas exchange

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2
Q

where are stems attached to the stem

A

at the node

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3
Q

dicot leaves are attached via the _______

A

petiole

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4
Q

compound leaves consist of multiple ________

A

leaflets

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5
Q

How are monocot leaves attached

A

the sheath

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6
Q

where are leaf primordia generated

A

near the shoot apical meristem

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7
Q

leaf veins

A

made of xylem and phloem
responsible for carrying water and other material to and from the leaf

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8
Q

why are veins arranged how they are

A

Organized based on how leaves grow. Ex: Grass leaves grow up, so the veins are adapted to grow long and parallel

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9
Q

What does the dermal tissue do (epidermis, guard cells)

A

protection
limit water loss
facilitate gas exchange with the environment (stomata)

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10
Q

What does the vascular tissue do (xylem and phloem)

A

supply water and nutrients
export of photosynthate

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11
Q

what does the ground tissue do

A

photosynthesis
site of gas exchange
storage

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12
Q

what type of cells is mesophyll made of?

A

parenchyma cells

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13
Q

what does the mesophyll do

A

capture light energy and use it to synthesize carbohydrates

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14
Q

Characteristics of the mesophyll cell wall and why it is that way

A

thin cell wall that are generally well hydrated
help facilitate exchange of CO2 and O2

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15
Q

Characteristics of palisade mesophyll

A

right angles to adaxial surface of the leaf (the top
long, rectangular, tightly packed, thin

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16
Q

Characteristics of spongy mesophyll

A

irregularly spaced and sized
many air spaces

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17
Q

how does the guard cell regulate the rate of water loss

A

by changing the size of the central pore

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18
Q

Why is the opening and closing of the stomata considered a balancing act?

A

at times that photosynthetic activity is highest (high light and temp) means need for more CO2, but is also when water loss is the greatest

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19
Q

why is the rate of water loss greater than CO2 uptake

A

difference in water vapor concentration between the air and sub-stomatal space is greater that the difference of CO2 inside and outside the leaf

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20
Q

types of mesophyll

A

palisade and spongy mesophyll

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21
Q

2 different reactions of photosynthesis

A

light-dependent and light-independent

22
Q

what does the light-dependent reaction do

A

electron transfer

23
Q

what does the light-independent reaction do

A

enzymatic reactions

24
Q

what will intact chloroplasts do compared to isolated thylakoids

A

Intact chloroplasts - will absorb light energy and synthesize carbohydrates
Isolated thylakoids - will generate O2 and ATP, but no sugars

25
Q

Photosystem 1 pigments and reaction center

A

chlorophyll a and b
P700

26
Q

Photosystem 2 pigments and reaction center

A

Chlorophyll a and b, carotene
P680

27
Q

Photosystem 1 description

A

greater proportion of chlorophyll a than b in the light-harvesting complex. Sensitive to longer wavelengths

28
Q

Photosystem 2 description

A

equal amounts of chlorophyll a and b, sensitive to shorter wavelengths

29
Q

light harvesting complex

A

functional pigment units that act as light traps

30
Q

why don’t isolated thylakoids synthesize sugars

A

they are no longer in the stroma, which is needed for the Calvin cycle

31
Q

3 major steps in the conversion of CO2 to carbohydrate through the Calvin cycle

A

Carboxylation
Reduction
Regeneration

32
Q

Carboxylation

A

addition of Co2 to ribulose 1,5-bisphate (RuBP)

33
Q

Reduction

A

reduction of 3-phosphoglycudrate (3-PGA) to glyceraldchyde-3-phosphate (PGAL) through the edition of electrons

34
Q

Regeneration

A

reconstituting RuBP from PGAL

35
Q

Photorespiration

A

uses O2 instead of CO2 in RuBP

36
Q

when does photorespiration happen

A

on bright, hot days when the stomata closes to prevent water loss and generate more oxygen

37
Q

Why is photorespiration a serious problem

A

plant has to use energy in order to regenerate CO2 from 2-phosphoglycolate. Generates high energy instead of low energy which damages the cell

38
Q

how have plants adapted mechanisms to minimize photorespiration

A

C4 and CAM

39
Q

How does C4 minimize photorespiration

A

physically separates rubisco from high O2 and low O2 conditions

40
Q

How does CAM minimize photorespiration

A

temporally separates Co2 uptake from hot, dry conditions by taking up CO2 during the night

41
Q

T/F: leaf structure can be altered depending on environmental conditions such as the amount of light striking a leaf

A

T

42
Q

Leaf adaptations: spines

A

For protection and travel
they don’t photosynthesize and help reduce water loss

43
Q

Leaf adaptations: water leaves - floating

A

flexible with large aerenchyma cells
hydrophobic leaf surface

44
Q

Leaf adaptations: water leaves - submerged

A

reduced investment in leaf and support
small leaves to maximize surface area for gas exchange and light absorption

45
Q

Leaf adaptations: needles

A

reduced water loss and prevents damage in extreme conditions

46
Q

Leaf adaptations: support - tendrils

A

spiral growth pattern to look for something to attach to

47
Q

Leaf adaptations: propagation - plantlets

A

little plants on edge of leaf

48
Q

Leaf adaptations: water storage and preventing water loss

A

minimal air space
some leaves adapted to take up water from the air

49
Q

Leaf adaptations: nutrition storage

A

thick leaves that store nutrients

50
Q

Leaf adaptations: nutrition

A

leaves that eat things to get nutrients and nitrogen