LEC 1 - Repro I: Males + Intersex Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What two things does an embryo have before it becomes a determined sex?
A
Gonadal ridge
– and –
Two duct system
2
Q
What are the two ducts in an unsexed embryo?
A
Mesonephric/Wolffian
– and –
Paramesonephric/Mullerian
3
Q
Which duct system is male?
A
Mesonephric/Wolffian
4
Q
What are the three levels of differentiation?
A
Chromosomal
Gonadal
Phenotypic
5
Q
What is the default sex?
A
Female
6
Q
What occurs for a fetus to become a male?
A
SRY gene on Y chromosome
Makes testes via TDF
Testes secrete hormones to degrade Mullerian duct
7
Q
What are the two hormones of a male?
A
Testosterone
– and –
MIS
8
Q
Where does MIS come from?
A
Sertoli cells
9
Q
Where does testosterone come from?
A
Interstitial cells
10
Q
What does testosterone do?
A
Stabilize Wolf ducts
11
Q
Term: Intersex
A
Any condition where one level of sexuality does not match the rest
12
Q
Term: True Hermaphrodites
A
Gonads of both sex
13
Q
Term: Pseudo Hermaphrodites
A
Gonads of one sex, opposite accessories
14
Q
Term: Sex Reversal
A
Chromosomal sex does not match gonads
15
Q
Term: Free martinism
A
Environmentally determined intersexuality
16
Q
What animal is most commonly a true hermaphrodite?
A
Goats + Swine
17
Q
What is a true hermaphrodite most often genetically?
A
Female
18
Q
Where do you normally find the gonads of a true hermaphrodite?
A
Pelvic cavity
19
Q
What two things can occur with the gonads of a true hermaphrodite?
A
One ovary + One Testes
– or –
Ovatestes
20
Q
What part of an ovatestes is the ovary?
A
Cortex
21
Q
What does an animal with two ovatestes look like anatomically?
A
hypoplastic uterus
22
Q
Why does the animal with ovatestes have a hypoplastic uterus?
A
Not enough MIS secreted by the testicular tissue
23
Q
What are most pseudohermaphrodites genetically?
A
Male
24
Q
How does a male become a pseudoheraphrodite?
A
XY male’s mullerian ducts fail to regress
– or/and –
Androgen dependent structures fail to develope
25
How could a female become a pseudohermaphrodite?
XX female develop a male phenotype via a non-gonadal source
26
What are the two examples of sex reversal in animals?
Cocker spaniels
-- and--
Polled goats
27
When do cocker spaniels have sex reversal?
Genetic females is carrying TDF on her X chromosome
28
What occurs in polled goats that causes them to have sex reversal?
Sex-linked trait is connected to the polled gene
29
What genetic goats tend to have sex reversal?
XX karyotype
| Homozygous for polled male pseudohermaphrodite
30
What is dominant, polled or horns?
Polled
31
What occurs with females that are homozygotes for the polled gene?
Polled heads with sex reversal
32
How does freemartinism occur in twin cattle?
the male and female twin end up having a fusionof the chorioallantoic circulation
The male passes some of its MIS to the female twin
33
What characteristics are seen in a female that has undergone freemartinism?
Incomplete vaginal development
Prominent seminal vesicles
reduced uterus
Small gonads - Ovatestis
34
What are some common causes of testicular hypoplasia?
Abnormal germ cells
In utero infections/intoxications
Nutritional deficiencies
Chromoosomal aberrations
35
What are the positions that a crytorchid teste could be in/
Intra/extra abdominal
-- and --
Uni/bilateral
36
What animals is crytorchism common in?
Pigs + Horses + Dogs
37
What is different about cryptorchidism in horses?
Dominant, heritable trait
38
What is bad about cryptorchidism?
Increased chance of primary neoplasm
39
What are the three most common things that occur in a retained teste?
Teratoma
Seminoma
Sertoli cell tumor
40
How are the possible causes of testicular degeneration?
Thermal
Age-associated
Sertoli cell tumors
Vascular
41
What vascular problems cause testicular degeneration?
Torsions + Infarctions
42
Why do sertoli cell tumors cause testicular degeneration?
Production of estrogen
43
What is grossly evident that tells you the testicles have shrank?
Small, won't bulge in cross section
Tunica albuginea is wrinkled
Firm
44
What histological changes do you see with testicular degeneration?
```
Cytoplasmic vaculation
Germinal cell desquamation
Intratubular multinucleated cells
Thick basement membranes
Intersitial fibrosis
Mineralization
```
45
What are the four primary testicular neoplasias?
Interstitial cell tumor
Sertoli Cell Tumor
Seminoma
Teratoma
46
What is the most common testicular cancer in dogs?
Leydig cell tumor
47
What is the gross features of a leydig cell tumor?
No overall increase in size
Discrete soft masses
Tan/yellow-orange
Areas of hemorrhage
48
What is the biologic behavior of a leydig cell tumor?
Grow slowly
| Benign
49
What are leydig cell tumors commonly associated with?
Perianal gland neoplasias + Prostatic disease
50
In what situation are sertoli cell tumors most common?
Cryptorchids
51
What animals are sertoli cell tumors seen most often?
Older dogs
-- along with --
Bulls + Stallions
52
Where do sertoli cell tumors tend to metastisize?
Regional LN
-- or --
Spermatic cord
53
What are the gross features of a sertoli cell tumor?
Enlargement of the testicle
Masses are firm/hard
White
54
What are the histological features of a sertoli cell tumor?
Abundant stroma
| Intrabular palisades of elongated cells
55
What is produced that causes biological changes in dogs with sertoli cell tumors?
Estrogen
56
What happens due to the high estrogen levels that occur with sertoli cell tumors?
```
Attracted to male dogs
Decreased libido
Mammary development
Perineal hernias
Penile atrophy
```
57
What is seminoma?
Neoplasm of spermatogonia
58
What is the female counterpart to seminoma?
Dysgerminoma
59
When is seminoma most commonly seen?
Cryptorchid testis
60
What are the gross features of a seminoma?
Enlargement of the testis
| Homogenous, soft/pale appearance on cut section
61
What is the cellular origin of testicular teratoma?
Totipotential
62
What is epididymitis
Inflammation of the epididymis
63
What often causes epididmyitis (basic)?
Infection coming from retrograde spread of gentiourinary passages
64
What is the infectious cause of epididymitis in sheep?
Brucella ovis
65
What is the appearance of epididymitis in sheep with Burcella Ovis?
Epididymal tail
Leading to sperm statsis + sperm granuloma
TESTIS PROPER NOT INVOLVED
66
What can cause a non-infectious form of epididymitis?
Congenital obstruction in excretory ducts
-- or --
Trauma
67
By what mechanism does the non-infectious form of epididymitis occur?
Blockage of sperm causes it to extrude from ducts into CT
| Leads to granulomatous inflammatory response
68
What is orchitis?
Inflammation of the testis
69
What is most common route of infection that causes orchitisis?
hematogenous
70
Cause of Orchitis: Bulls
Brucella abortus
71
Cause of Orchitis: Boars
Brucella suis
72
Cause of Orchitis:Dogs
Canine distemper virus
E. Coli
Brucella Canis
73
Appearance of Orchitis: Brucella abortus
Fibrino-purulent + necrotizing lesions
| Extends from tunic to entire testis
74
Appearance of Orchitis: Brucella suis
Abscesses in testis proper + epididymis
75
Appearance of Orchitis: Brucella Canis
Inflammation of:
| testis proper + epididymus + prostate + scrotal dermatitis
76
What animals is seminal vesciulitis most common?
Young bulls
77
What is the common pathogen that causes seminal vesiculitis?
Truperella pyogenes
78
What is the route of infection with seminal vesiculitis?
Hematogenous
-- or --
Ascending
79
What is balanitis?
Inflammation fo the foreskin + head of penis
80
Common cause of Balanitis: Bull
IBR - Bovine herpes virus 1
81
Common cause of Balanitis: Stallion
Equine coital exanthema (EHV-3)
-- and --
Cutaneous habronemiasis
82
Common cause of Balanitis: Sheep + Pigs
Anatomic
-- and --
bacterial infections
83
Common cause of Balanitis: Rabbits
Treponema cuniculi
84
What is a penile neoplasia seen in young bulls?
Bovine transmissible fibropapilloma
85
What is the gross appearance of SCC of the penis/prepuce?
Superfical ulcerations + necrosis
-- and --
Papillary appearance
86
What can SCC look a lot like?
Cutaneous habronemiasis
87
What is the histological appearance of SCC?
nests of cohesive cells with squamous differentiation
morphologic + nuclear atypia
central keratin pearl formation
88
What is a transmissable form of neoplasia?
Transmissible Veneral tumor
89
What is different about the cells involved in transmissible venereal tumor?
59 karotype when normal dog is 78
90
What is the gross appearance of a transmissible venereal tumor?
Papular to papillary
91
What is the histopathologic appearance of a transmissible venereal tumor?
Cells are round + oval w/ mitoses frequent
92
What can cause prostatic hyperplasia?
Endrodrin imbalance or testosterone effect
93
What can cause prostatic atrophy?
Castration (removal of testosterone)
94
What can cause prostatic squamous metaplasia?
Estrogenic effect
95
What pathology causes prostatic squamous metaplasia?
Sertoli Cell tumors
96
What is prostatitis?
Asymmetrical enlargement of prostate with pain on palpation
97
What are the symptoms seen with prostatisits?
Blood/exudate in urine
-- and --
dysuria
98
What animals are most commonly seen with prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Older dogs
99
What is the gross appearance of prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Asymmetric + Fibrosis
| Local invason
100
Where does prostatic adenocarcinoma tend to metastisize?
Sublumbar LN
-- or --
Bone
101
What are the primary differentials for prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder/urethra
