LEC 11-13 - Behavioral Drugs Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
TCA’s (4)
A
Amitriptyline
Clomipramine
Doxepin
Imipramine
2
Q
SSRI’s (5)
A
Fluoxetine
Proxetine
Sertraline
Citalopram
Fluvoxamine
3
Q
CNS Stimulatents (2)
A
Amphetamine
Methyphenidate
4
Q
Phenothiazines (2)
A
Acepromazine
Chlorpromazine
5
Q
Other Behavioral Drugs (4)
A
Trazodone
Mirtazepine
Buspirone
Selegiline
6
Q
Anticonvulsants (10)
A
Phenobarbital
Pentobarbital
Potassium bromide
Diazepam
Leviracetam
Zonisamide
Felbamate
Gabapentin
Valroic Acid
Phenytonin
7
Q
Alpha2’s (7)
A
Xylazine
Detomidine
Medetomidine
Dexmedetomidine
Romifidine
Clonidine
Atipamezole
8
Q
Benzo’s (6)
A
Diazepam
Alprazolam
Midazolam
Lorazepam
Oxazepam
Flumazenil
9
Q
Dogs - Aggression (2)
A
TCA’s
SSRI’s
10
Q
Dogs - General anxeity disorders (4)
A
TCA
SSRI
Buspirone
Trazodone
11
Q
Dogs - Acral Lick dermatitis (2)
A
TCA
SSRI
12
Q
Dogs - Cognitive dysfunction
A
Selegiline
13
Q
Cats - Intersitital cystitis (1)
A
Amitriptyline
14
Q
Cats - Urine marking (3)
A
TCA
SSRI
Buspirone
15
Q
Cats - Intercat aggression
A
Buspirone
16
Q
Cats - Compulsive behavior
A
SSRI
TCA
17
Q
Cats - Appetite stimulant
A
Mirtazepine
18
Q
Parrots - Feather picking
A
TCA
19
Q
TCA - Adverse Effects
A
Dry mouth/eyes
Urinary retention
Sedation
Mydriasis
20
Q
Benzodiazepine - Dogs use (5)
A
Submissive uriniation
Urine marking
Storm phobia
Seperation anxiety
Fear WITHOUT aggression
21
Q
Benzodiazepines - Cat uses (3)
A
Increase appetite
Urine marking
Strom phobie
22
Q
Benzodiazepines - Mare uses (1)
A
Foal rejection
23
Q
Benzodiazepines - Bird uses (1)
A
Feather picking
24
Q
Benzodiazepines - OD reversal
A
Flumazneil
25
Alpha2 Agonists - Dogs
Anxiolytic
\*Clonidine as adjunct
26
Alpha2 Agonists - Cats
Induce vomiting
\*Xylazine
27
Alpha2 Agonists - Horse
Sedation
\*\*\*Penile prolapse can occur
28
Alpha2 Agonists - Sheep
TOXIC!!!
29
Alpha2 Agonists - Reversal
Alpha2 antagnonists =
Atipamezole
30
Alpha2 Agonists - Adverse effects
Ataxia
VOmiting
Sedation
Hyperglycemia
31
Anticonvulsants - Dogs (6)
Phenobarbital
Potassium bromide
Leviracetam
Zonisaminde
Felbamate
Gabapentin
32
Anticonvulsants - Cats (3)
Phenobarbital
Leviracetam
Zonisamide
33
Status epilepticus =
continous seizures of more than 5 minutes
34
Treatment protocol for status epilepticus
IV Benzo's
Propofol
Barbiturates
Leviracetam
Phenytoin
Inhalation anesthetics
35
Dopamine is synthesized from
Tyrosine
36
Dopamine metabolized by:
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
37
Dopamine is taken out of terminal by --
DAT
38
of dopamine receptors in the brain
5
39
Blocking what dopamine receptor and where causes motor deficits?
D2
Striatum
40
Reward pathway =
VTA-nucleus accumbens
41
Function of the median eminence pathway -
INhibits prolactin release
42
NE synthesized from -
Tyrosine
43
What terminates the action of NE at the synaptic cleft?
NET
44
What metabolizes NE?
MAO via hydrolysis
45
Where do NE pathways originate?
Locus coeruleus
46
Alpha2 receptor stiumlation leads to...
Decreased pain transmission
Sedation
Muscle relaxation
47
What three cognitive functions need NE?
Attention
Memory
Mood
48
What do antidepressants duein regards to NE?
Decrease re-uptake
49
5-HT is synthesized from...
Tryptophan
50
What takes 5-HT out of the terminal, ending its stimulation?
SERT
51
What metabolizes 5-HT?
MAO
52
Where do the 5-HT neurons originate?
Raphe nucleus
53
What two cognitive functions are 5-HT related to?
Appetite
Mood
54
What do most anti-depressants do in regards to 5-HT?
Inhibit reuptake
55
TCA's - Mechanism
Inhibit re-uptake of 5-HT + NE
Blocks M + Histamine receptors = sedation
56
TCA's - Onset time
2 to 4 weeks
57
TCA's - Effects
Anxiolytic
Anti-compulsive
Anti-aggressive
58
TCA's - Treatment length
Chronic
59
TCA's - Protocol for stopping treatment
Withdraw slowly, unless putting on another anti-depressant
60
Amitriptyline - Mechanism
Inhibits reuptake of 5-HT + NE
\*NE makes it useful for pain
M/Histamine receptor blockade
61
Amitriptyline - metabolism
to nortrityline
62
Amitriptyline - Adverse effects
Sedation
Mydriasis
Urinary retention
Weight gain
do NOT give to pregnant/lactating animals
63
Amitriptyline - Toxicity
Depression
Ataxia
Convulsions
Collapse
64
Amitriptyline - Use
Cats =
Pain
Compulsive behaviors (psychogenic alopecia)
urine marking
Dogs =
Comulsive disorders
Seperation anxeity
Agression
65
Amitriptyline - Mechanism for idiopathic interstiital cystitis
Decreased pain + bladder spasms
66
Clomipramine - Mechanism
5-HT \> NE
Blocks muscarinic
67
Clomipramine - Adverse effects
Decrease thyroid hormones
Mydriasis
Regurgitation
Appetite change
urinary retention
Aviod in lactating animals
68
Clomipramine - Use in Dogs
Compulsive disorders (lick dermatitis)
Tail chasing
Separation anxeity (FDA)
69
Clomipramine - Use in Birds
Feather picking
70
Doxepin - Mechanism
NE \> 5-HT
71
Doxepin - Regulation
Banned in racing horses
72
Doxepin - Use in birds
Destructive behvaior
73
Doxepin - Use in Small Animals
psychogenic dermatits
74
What should NOT be mixed with TCA's?
Other TCA's
MAO inhibitors
St Johns Wart
75
What happens when you mix TCA with other drugs you aren't supposed to?
Serotonin syndrome
76
What does TCA overdose lead to?
Cardiac arrhythmias
77
Imipramine - Use in Dogs
Decrease inapproriate urination
Decreased withdrawn behavior in beagles
78
Imipramine - Horses
Ejaculatory dysfunction
79
SSRI - Mechanism
Inhibit reuptake of 5-HT
80
SSRI - Time for Effect Onset
3 to 4 weeks
81
SSRI - Overall function
Decrease response to stress
Increase Neural plasticity
Anxiolytic
Anti-compulsive
Anti-agression
82
SSRI - Use for
Generalized anxeity disorders (chronic state of fear)
Agression
Compulsive disorders
83
SSRI - Main side effect
Anorexia
84
Fluoxetine - 1/2 life + Dose
1/2 = ~ 1 week
SID
85
Fluoxetine - Inhibitory effects
Inhibits CYP450 - drug interactions
86
Inhibition of CYP2D6 + 2C19 leads to...
Decreased metabolism of TCA
87
Fluoxetine - Use in Dogs
Acral lick dermatits
Agression
Compulsive disorders
88
Fluoxetine - Use in Cats
Psychogenic alopecia
89
Fluoxetine - Adverse effects
Panting + Anxeity + Increased aggression = dogs
Sleep pattern changes + anxiety = cats
90
Citalopram - Use in Dogs
Acral lick dermatitis
91
Sertraline - Use in Cats
Obessive disorders
92
Sertraline - Use in Dogs
Acral lick dermatitis
93
Paroxetine - Use in cats
Urine marking
Agression
94
Paroxetine - Use in Dogs
Anexity disorders
95
Paroxetine - Effect on CYP450
INhibits
96
Fluvoxamine - Use in Dogs/Cats
Aggression
| (Especially maternal aggression)
97
What three things must be reported immediately if seen after starting SSRI?
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Seizures
98
Trazodone - Mechanism
Weak 5-HT inhibitor of reuptake
Blocks 5-HT2a receptors
Block alpha1
99
Trazodone - Adverse effects
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Panting
Ataxia
100
Trazodone - Use in Dogs
Add on to fluxetine for agression + anxiety
Mild thunderstorm anxeity
101
Mirtazepine - Mechanism
Alpha2 antagonist
Increase release of NE/5-HT
Antihistamine
102
Mirtazepine - Effects
Appetite stimulant
Decrease nasuea + vomitng
103
Mirtazepine - 1/2 life + Dosing
Cats - give every 3 day s
Dogs - SID
104
Buspirone - Mechanism
Parital agonist of 5-HT1A receptor
Some inhbition of NE/DA reuptake
105
Buspirone - Upside to use
Non-sedating
Few side effects
No withdrawal or dependecen
106
Buspirone - Use in Cats
Decrease urine marking
Inter-cat aggression
107
Buspirone - Use in Dogs
General anxiety disorders
Combine w/ fluxetine = aggression + anxiety + stereotypic behavior
108
Selegeline - Mechanism
Inhibits MAOb
Increasing levels of dopamine
109
Selegeline - Use in Dogs
FDA approved
Canine cognitive dysfunction
110
Selegeline - Time until onset of effect
1 month
111
Selegeline - DOC for...
Pituitary dependent Cushing's disease
112
Symptoms of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction
Memory loss
Confusion
Loss of house training
Decreased social interaction
113
What is thought to be the cause of Canine Cognitive dysfunction?
Loss of dopaminergic neurons
114
Phenothiazines - Mechanism
Block D2 receptors
Block M + Histamine + Alpha 1 receptors
115
What is the problem with Phenothiazines blocking D2 receptors?
Can lead to tremors + rigiidity due to inhibition of striatal dopamine transmission
116
Acepromazine/Prmoazine - Effects
Sedating
117
Acepromazine/Prmoazine - Adverse effects
Penile prolapse in horses
Hypotension
Agression
Agitation
Ataxia
118
Chlorpromazine - Use in dogs/cats
Antiemetic or pre-med
119
CNS Stimulants - Treatment of OD
Remove stomach contents via gastric lavage
Activated charcoal if within 2 hours of ingestion
120
CNS Stimulants - Adverse effects
Anorexia
Agitation
Tachycardia
Increased BP
Seizures
121
CNS Stimulants - Use in dogs
Canine Hyperkinesis
122
CNS Stimulants - Mechanism
Taken into nerve terminal
Reverses dopamine transporter
Increased DA levels
123
What is the major function of GABA?
Major inhibitory NT in brain
124
GABA is synthesized from ....
Glutamate
125
What is responsible for synthesizing GABA?
GAD
126
What occurs with the stimulation of GABAa receptors?
Cl- Channels open
Hyperpolarize neuron
Inhibit neurotransmission
127
What are the effects of GABA activity?
Decreased anxiety
Vigilance
Muscle tension
Seizure activity
Sedation occurs
128
What does a GABAa receptor make up?
Ion channel
129
What ion does GABAa receptor shuttle?
Chloride
130
What are the 5 substances that bind to GABA receptor?
Benzodiazepines
Propofol
GABA
Isoflurane
Ethanol
131
What do benzodiazepines specifically do to the GABA channel?
Increase the frequenccy of channel opening
132
What are the three benzodiazepines?
Diazepam
Midazolam
Alprazolam
133
What are the two main uses of benzodiazepines?
Axiolytic
Sedative
134
Benzodiazepines - Onset of action
Rapid onset
135
Benzodiazepines - Metabolism
Liver
136
Benzodiazepines - Excretion
Liver
137
Benzodiazepines - Uses in Cats
Appetite stimulant
Urine marking
Storm phobia
138
Benzodiazepines - Use in dogs
Submissive urination
Urine marking
Storm phobia
Seperation anxeity
Fear of people with agresssion
139
Benzodiazepines - Use in Birds
Feather picking
140
Benzodiazepines - Use in Mares
Foal rejection
141
Diazepam - 1/2 life
Horse
Dog
Cats
Horse = 7 to 22 hours
Cat = 5.5 hours
Dogs = 2 to 3 hours
142
Diazepam - Adverse effects
May decrease inhibtion
Increase aggression
Ataxia (horses)
Crosses teh placenta - teratogenic
143
Alprazolam - Dosing schedule
Dogs = 4 hours
Cats = 8 hours
144
Midazolam - Use
Induction anesthesia
Combination with medatomidine
145
Midazolam - Admin
Injection or Intranasal
146
Lorazepam/**Oxazepam** - Metabolite
It is a metabolite of diazepam
147
Lorazepam/Oxazepam - use
Appetite stimulant in cats
148
Benzodiazepines - Side effects
Sedation
Ataxia
Muscle relaxation
Increased appetite
Aggression
149
Benzo - Overdose treatment
Supportive
Activated charcoal
Induce vomiting in cats with xylazine
Flumazenil to reverse
150
What can diazepam do to cats?
Idiopathic necrosis in cats
151
Flumazenil - Mechanism
Antagonist at benzodiazepine receptors
152
Flumazenil - Use
reverse effects of benzo's when needed
153
Flumazenil - Contraindications?
Admin to seizure prone patient can cause seizures
Also if there is TCA or barbituate OD
154
What are the alpha2 agnoists?
Xylazine
Detomidine
Medetomidine
Dexmedetomine
Romifidine
Clonidine
155
Alpha2 Agonist - Mech
Stimulate pre-synaptic receptors to decrease release of NE
156
Alpha2 receptor location in the body
CNS + Periphery
157
What is the end result of alpha2 agonists?
Analgesia
Sedation
158
What is the mechanism behind alpha2 agonist's sedation + relief of anxeity?
Decreased activity of ascending neural projections to cerbral cortex + limbic system
159
How does alpha2 agnoist inhibit pain?
Dorsal horn
Increase spinal NE in pathways going down spinal cord
160
How does alpha2 receptors affect the ascending pain pathway?
Decrease the release of glutamate + substance in dorsal horn
161
Which of the alpha2 agnoist cause hypotension + bradycardia?
Clonidine
Medetomidine
Dexmeditomidine
162
What alpha2 is responisble for toxicity in sheep?
Alpha2d
163
What is alpha2a receptor involved in?
Sedation
Anxiolysis
Analgesia
164
What are the peripheral affects of alpha2 agonists?
Decreased BP + Brady cardia due to decreased CO
Vasocontriction then Dilation
Hypoxemia
Diuresis
Decreased GI motility
Vomiting
Hyperglycemia
165
What alpha receptors are responsible for the vasocontriction and dilation effects of the agnoists?
2b = Constrict
2A = Dilation
166
When is hypoxemia experienced most with alpha2 agnoist use?
use in sheep
167
Why do you see hyperglycemia with alpha2 agonist use?
Decrease in insulin release
\*\* most with xylazine
168
What drug causes the most pronounced vomiting? In who?
Cats
Xylazine
169
Alpha2 Agnoist - Drug for Anxiolytic + use
Clonidine
Add on drug for anxeity in dogs
170
Alpha2 Agnoist - Muscle relaxation drug
Romifidine
171
Alpha2 Agnoist - Drugs that cause the least sedation
Romididine
Detomidine
172
Alpha2 Agnoist - Drugs that cause the most sedation
Dexmedetomidine
Xylazine
173
Alpha2 Agnoist - Animals most sensitive to alpha2 sedation
Bovine \> Ruminants \> Dogs \> Cats \> Horses \> Pigs
174
Xylazine - Mechanism
Less selective for Alpha 1 vs 2
175
Xylazine - Alpha1 stimulation
Aggression more likely
176
Xylazine - Potency
Least potent of alpha2s
177
Xylazine - Contriindication
Can be fatal to swine
178
Xylazine - Metabolism
CYP450
179
Xylazine - FDA approval
Cats
Dog
Horse
Wildlife
180
Xylazine - Adverese reactions
Bloat due to dereased Gi movement
181
Detomidine - FDA approval
Horse Only
182
Detomidine - Potency
More alpha2 selective
183
Detomidine - Adverese effects
Ataxia
Penile prolapse
Fatal dsrhythmias when given with sulfamides
184
Detomidine - Use
Standing procedures in horses
Combined with xylazine
185
Medetomidine - Use
Produce sedation in surgery
186
Medetomidine - Effect
Sedation
Analgesia
Anxiolytic
187
Medetomidine - FDA apporval
Dogs
188
Medetomidine - Use
CRI in ICU
189
Dexmedetomidine - FDA approval
Dogs/Cats
190
Dexmedetomidine - Potency
Most potent alpha2 selection
191
Dexmedetomidine - Use
Light anesthesia for short procedures
Pre-meds
192
Dexmedetomidine - Metabolism
CYP450
\*\* also inhibts = drug interactions
193
Dexmedetomidine - Adverse effects
Ataxia
Vomiting
Hyperglycemia
194
Dexmedetomidine - Reversal agent
Atipamezole
195
Romifidine - FDA approval
Horse via IV
196
Romifidine - Adverse affects
Less ataxia
Longer duration
CV depression in dog/cat
197
Clonidine - Use
add on for anxiety in dogs
Anesthesia - increases action duration of lidocaine in epidural
198
Atipamezole - Mechanism
Highly selective alpha2 antagonist
199
Atipamezole - Adverse effects
Delirium
Anxeity
Aggression
Cardiovascular collapse
200
Atipamezole - Cause of CV collapse
Histamine release
or periphervasocontriction + bradycardia
Hight vagal tone
201
Atipamezole - Food Animals
NOT SUED!
202
What are the anticonvulsants? (8)
Phenobarbital
Potassium bromide
Diazepam
Leviracetam
Felbamate
Zonisamide
Gabapentin
Valproic acid
203
Describe partial seziures
One area of the brain invovled
204
Describe psycomotor seizures
Period of odd behevaior
205
What is occurring in a neuron during seizure?
Disordered, synchornous, rhythmic firing
206
Where do seizures tend to be located?
Cerebral cortex
207
What is the goal of seizure therapy?
Decrease abnormal or synchornized firing
208
What may seizures be caused by?
Glutamate activity too much
Decrease in gaba activity
