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Lec 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

The ABO antigens differ by just ——

A

One sugar at antigen terminus

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2
Q

What are multiple alleles?

A

They are different form of an allele that are present in different individuals or plants

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3
Q

Scientists argued that in nature more than ——- of an allele exist , which produce multiple phenotypes

A

2 forms

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4
Q

In nature, there are ——— alleles

A

Multiple

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5
Q

According to Mendel a trait is controlled by a ?

A

Pair of alleles , so a plant can either be tall or short only

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6
Q

The ABO blood group is determined by the type of ?

A

1- antigens ( A, B , O )
2- glycoproteins ( on RBCs )

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7
Q

The blood group has ——— alleles

A

Multiple

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8
Q

An individual can inherit a ——-

A

Pair of blood group alleles

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9
Q

In humans there are —— blood group genotype

A

9

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10
Q

There are —— blood group phenotypes

A

4

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11
Q

AB blood group is an example of:

A

1- multiple alleles
2- codominance

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12
Q

Give an example of incomplete dominance

A

1- 4 o’clock plant
2- snapdragon plant
3- Andalusian fowl

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13
Q

What are the offspring when crossing :
Red ( R1R1 ) x white ( R2R2 ) P1

A

Offspring: pink ( R1R2 ) F1

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14
Q

What are the offspring when self crossing of F1:
Pink ( R1R2 ) x pink ( R1R2 )

A

Red ( R1R1 ) homozygous
2Pink ( R1R2 ) hybrid
White ( R2R2 ) homozygous
Genotype ratio : 1:2:1
Phenotype ratio : 1:2:1

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15
Q

Why is there pink phenotype ?

A

Duo two mixing of individual phenotypes which produces an incomplete or partial phenotype

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the pink phenotype?

A

1- both alleles are dominant
2- Alleles do not mix
3- the individual phenotypes mix to produce an incomplete phenotype

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17
Q

What happens in codominance ?

A

1- Both alleles are dominant and their individual phenotypes can be seen ,detected , measured
2- there is no mixing of individual phenotypes

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18
Q

Mention some examples of codominance :

A

AB blood group
zebra

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19
Q

What is epistasis?

A

It is the inhibition of a dominant gene by a recessive gene present at a different locus
★it supports law of dominance

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20
Q

According to Mendel genes are :

A

Independent ,not linked , no interaction between different genes

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21
Q

Currently genes

A

-Don’t function in isolation
-can induce or suppress other genes

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22
Q

An example of epistasis is

Study These Flashcards
A

☆Mouse dihybrid cross
Agouti ( AACC ) X albino ( aacc ) P1
Offspring: agouti ( AaCc )

23
Q

Self crossing of F1 mouse
AaCc x AaCc
What are offspring?

Study These Flashcards
A

Gametes : AC , Ac , Ca , ca
نسوي جدول بانت و نطبق الملاحظات التالية :
# إذا كان في 2c رح تكنسل/ inhibits الA ) dominant ) و يصير albino
# إذا كان في 2a رح تكنسل/ inhibits الdominant( C ) و يصير black
Agouti = 9
Black = 3
Albino = 4
Ratio : 9:3:4
NOT LIKE MENDEL : 9:3:3:1

24
Q

What is Bombay antigen gene?

Study These Flashcards
A

An H gene on ch19

25
What is the genotype that controls the expression of A and B and alleles ?
HH
26
Which genotype inhibits A and B alleles and produces O blood group/bombay phenotype ?
The recessive hh genotype
27
According to Mendel, one gene/allele produce
One phenotype
28
According to pleiotropy , one gene/allele produces
Many phenotypes
29
Pleio
Many
30
Tropo
Changes
31
An example of pleiotropy
Phenylketonuria ( single gene defect in human )
32
Many phenotypes are:
Mental & growth retardations reduced eyes, hair and skin pigment ADHD
33
According to polygenic inheritance/quantitative inheritance , many genes produce
One phenotype
34
Examples of polygenic inheritance are :
1- skin & eye colours 2- height 3- diabetes 4- hypertension
35
—— genes regulate human skin color , which are ———
3 A,B,C
36
What is the genotype of a black man?
AABBCC [ he has 6 dominant alleles , max melanin ]
37
What is the genotype of an albino woman?
aabbcc [ 0 dominant alleles, no melanin ]
38
What are the offspring of the following: Black x albino
AABBCC x aabbcc Offspring: AaBbCc [ 3 dominant alleles, intermediate melanin , whitish ]
39
The ——— inheritance rejects the law of ——— , but supports the law of ———
Polygenic Complete dominance [ no dominant effect ] & { no epistasis } Incomplete dominance [ mixing ]
40
According to polygenic inheritance the phenotype depends on ———— , that’s why it’s also known as———
Number of dominant alleles Quantitative inheritance
41
How many skin colours are there for the human population?
7
42
The skin colour of humans depends on ?
Number of dominant alleles
43
A trihybrid shall produce ——- types of gamete genotypes
8
44
What is the equation to know the number of skin colours/ phenotypes ?
No. Skin colours / phenotypes = 2 n + 1 n is no.genes
45
Types of gametes =
2^n n is number of genes
46
Types of genotypes =
( 2^n )^2
47
In human population, a phenotype is present in five variable forms , how many genes are producing this phenotype?
Genes / n = ??? no. Phenotypes = 2 n + 1 5 = 2 (n) +1 2n = 4/2 n = 2
48
In human population, there are ——— different skin colours and ——— genotypes
7 64
49
What is the most common skin colour among humans and what are the least common skin colours?
Whitish Black & albino
50
In a human population , a pure dominant genotype was found to be in the ratio of 1 : 64. How many genes are producing this genotype?
number of genes / n = ??? No.genotypes = ( 2^n )^2 64 = ( 2^n )^2 —> 2^n = جذر 64 2^n = 8 n = 3
51
The ——— controls the phenotype/gene expression
Environment
52
Give examples of environment and how it affects phenotypes
1- the primrose in 24 Celsius is red , while in 32 Celsius It is white . 2- the Himalayan rabbit , nose , ear, paws and tail turn black , and the rest of the body is white
53
If a disease frequency in a country is 9%, what is the carrier frequency?
Disease frequency = c^2 Carrier frequency = 2Cc 1) C + c =1 c^2 = 0.9 ——> c= 0.3 C + 0.3 = 1 ——> C = 0.7 Carrier frequency = 2Cc —> 2 x 0.7 x 0.3 =0.42 = 42%

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