Lec 30

Question 1

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

Answer 1

1- production of gametes ( egg from ovaries, sperm from testes )
2- storing & transporting gametes
3- Fertilisation & growth of egg / zygote is in female reproductive system
4- production of sex hormones

Question 2

Humans at birth are sexually

Answer 2

Immature

Question 3

What happens during puberty?

Answer 3

A child becomes a sexually competent, young adult

Question 4

When does sexual maturity occur in girls ?

Answer 4

9 - 14 yrs

Question 5

When does sexual maturity occur in boys ?

Answer 5

11 - 16 yrs

Question 6

The primary sex organ that produces sperms & sex hormones

Answer 6

Testes

Question 7

Sites of maturation ( ability to swim , gain resistance against pH & temperature ) and some storage of sperm

Answer 7

Epididymis

Question 8

An organ that conducts & stores sperm

Answer 8

Vas Deference

Question 9

An organ that conducts sperm & urine

Answer 9

Urethra

Question 10

An organ of copulation

Answer 10

Penis

Question 11

Main organs in male reproductive system are :

Answer 11

Testes

Question 12

Where do testes develop

Answer 12

In abdominal cavity but descend into scrotal sac in the last 2 mnths of fetal development

Question 13

The testes consist of

Answer 13

Lobules

Question 14

What do lobules contain?

Answer 14

1- seminiferous tubules
2- interstitial tissue

Question 15

What do seminiferous tubules contain, and what their function ?

Answer 15

Cells for spermatogenesis
1. Germinal cells ( sperms )
2. Sertoli cells ( possesses follicle stimulating hormone “ FSH “ , they support + nourish + regulate spermatogenic cells )

Question 16

In mitosis —— , meiosis I & II ——

Answer 16

Diploid
Haploid

Question 17

When does spermatogenesis start ? Where does it occur ?

Answer 17

11 - 16 yrs
Seminiferous tubules upon LH & FSH stimulation

Question 18

How long does it take on average for spermatogenesis to complete ?

Answer 18

74 days

Question 19

How many sperm are produced ? per day?

Answer 19

120 million
60 - 150 million per day

Question 20

The last step in spermatogenesis which results in transformation of spermatids to sperm

Answer 20

Spermiogenesis

Question 21

Spermiogenesis is mediated by —— cells that are responsible for ——— most of the ——— to give spermatozoa/sperm

Answer 21

Sertoli
Eliminating
spermatid cytoplasm

Question 22

What are the spermatozoa/sperm parts ?

Answer 22

1- head
2- tail
3- middle piece

Question 23

Part of the sperm that contains a nucleus covered by an acrosome ( a specialised Lysosome that stores enzymes to penetrate the egg )

Answer 23

Head

Question 24

A part of the sperm that contains mitochondria wrapped around microtubules of the flagellum ( mitochondria provide energy for movement )

Answer 24

Middle piece

Question 25

A part of the sperm that contains microtubules as components of the flagellum ( it’s movement propels sperm )

Answer 25

Tail

Question 26

What happens when the hypothalamus releases GnRH to the anterior pituitary ?

Answer 26

the anterior pituitary secretes FSH & LH

Question 27

What happens when the testes receive FSH?

Answer 27

The Sertoli cells produce { antigen binding proteins, luminal fluid, phagocytosis, and estrogen }

Question 28

When there is too much —— The Sertoli cells inhibit the secretion of —— from the anterior pituitary

Answer 28

FSH FSH

Question 29

What happens when the testes receive LH?

Answer 29

Interstitial/leydig cells produce estrogen & testosterone

Question 30

When there is too much ——— the Interstitial/leydig cells produce more —— from the anterior pituitary

Answer 30

Estrogen Testosterone

Question 31

What will happen when spermatogenesis is completed?

Answer 31

1- The spermatozoa will be released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubes ( which are non-motile ) , but they move by bulk movement of fluid secretion . 2- in the epididymis sperms become mature and gain motility , they also become more resistance to change in pH and temperature. 3- Most of the sperms are then stored in the vas deference .

Question 32

What is the function of seminal vesicles?

Answer 32

1- 60% of semen for use by sperm 2- It contains prostaglandins ( stimulates smooth muscle contraction along male and female reproductive system )

Question 33

What is semen/seminal fluid ?

Answer 33

Thick viscous whitish fluid containing nutrients (fructose) , sperm (5% ) , glandular secretions

Question 34

What is the function of prostate gland?

Answer 34

30% of the semen secretes (alkaline secretion) that increase motility of sperm , prostatic hypertrophy , and prostate cancer

Question 35

What is the function of bulbourethral glands ?

Answer 35

Produce clear viscous secretion ( pre-ejaculate ) that clear the urethra from urine residues

Question 36

During ejaculation, the ——— ( contains sperm ) obtains fluid secretions of ——— and —— , and together with the sperms , The semen is carried by the ——— to the urethra.

Answer 36

vas deference seminal vesicle prostate ejaculatory duct

Question 37

A male organ for sexual intercourse

Answer 37

Penis

Question 38

What does the penis consist of?

Answer 38

# 3 columns of spongy erectile tissue with extensive blood space extend through the shaft # a shaft and enlarged tip ( gland penis ) which is covered by a layer ( foreskin ) , In circumcision the foreskin is removed

Question 39

Circumcised males are ——— likely to acquire certain sex transmitted disease such as —— it also decreases the incidents of ——— and urinary track infection

Answer 39

25 to 35% less AIDS penile cancer

Question 40

What causes penile erection?

Answer 40

1. A stimuli { physical , psychological , visual } trigger the brain to send nerve signals through spinal cord autonomic nerves 2. relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by release of nitric oxide" NO " 3. fill the erectile tissue with blood 4. compress to compress compression of veins

Question 41

What happens to the bladder sphincter during erection?

Answer 41

It closes off so no urine enters the urethra

Question 42

How long does an erection last?

Answer 42

A limited time the penis generally returns to a flaccid state following ejaculation

Question 43

What are the impotencies / dysfunction of erectile?

Answer 43

1- inability to achieve / maintain erection 2- its prevalence is estimated to be 26% under the age of 40 3- caused by number of factors { poor blood flow , some medications , illnesses } £ to manage it treat the underlying cause

Question 44

What is the first phase of ejaculation?and what causes it ?

Answer 44

Emission 1- sexual stimuli trigger brain -> send nerve signals through spinal cord to the muscular wall of — epidermis vast deference -> to empty sperm — reproductive glands { seminal versicle , prostate , Bulbourethral glands } -> to release secretion 2- movement of sperm from the vas deference to the urethra

Question 45

What is the second phase of ejection?

Answer 45

Expulsion

Question 46

What is expulsion? What is the sequence steps of it ?

Answer 46

The movement of sperm from urethra to the exterior 1. Gland secretions stimulate rhythmical contractions of muscles at the base of the penis and within the urethral wall expel the semen in spurts

Question 47

during ejaculation urinary bladder sphincter closes so that no —— can enter the ——.

Answer 47

Semen bladder

Question 48

What does ejaculation result in?

Answer 48

Expulsion of semen at peak of sexual arousal 2-5 ml semen contain ~300 million sperms The lifespan of the sperm in female genital tract is ~ 24 - 72 hours ~ 100 - 200 reach the egg only one sperm enters the egg

Question 49

What are the functions of testosterone?

Answer 49

.Main sex hormone in males .important for development + function of male reproductive glands and organs .essential for maturation of sperm & development of male secondary sex characteristics

Question 50

What are male secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 50

1- oil & sweat gland secretion -> acne + body order 2- enlargement of larynx and vocal cords -> deepen the voice 3- development of hair on face chest and back 4- tallness longer legs, broad shoulders 5- greater muscle strength { athletes, anabolic steroids } 6- sex drive + aggressiveness 7- baldness if appropriate genes are present