Lec 37

Question 1

What is ecology ?

Answer 1

the study of interactions of organisms with each other and with the environment

Question 2

interactions determine :

Answer 2

1-distribution : where do organisms live
2- Habitat : Why do they live there { because of favourable conditions }
3- adaptation : How do they adapt to the habitat , Driving force
4- abundance : How many are there

Question 3

• most organisms do not exist —— rather they are part of a —— / population that interacts with the environment
• organisms are found in —— systems that interact —— with their environment and others and with other systems

Answer 3

singly , functional unit
open , continuously

Question 4

the environment affects ————— of plants and animals.
Environmental factors include —— “ living “ and —— “ nonliving “ components

Answer 4

{ growth , survival , reproduction }
biotic , abiotic

Question 5

Ecology reveals the —— of the biosphere / how —— a place is
What is the best apparent of this ?

Answer 5

richness , diverse
the tropical forest { Panamanian Forest }

Question 6

tropical forests are home to —— many of which still undiscovered by human being

Answer 6

millions of species

Question 7

—————— is one of the main factors affecting biosphere richness ( by decreasing it , it will become richer )

Answer 7

human population and activities

Question 8

-ecology and evolution Biologies are —— related sciences
-events that occur in the framework of —— ( minutes , months , years ) can be translated into effect over the longer scale of evolutionary time ( decades “10 years” ,centuries “100 years” , millennia “1000 years” }

Answer 8

closely
ecological time

Question 9

( ecological effect/event ) occurs

Answer 9

when reducing population size

Question 10

( ecological effect/event ) occurs

Answer 10

naturally when altering the gene pool / allel group

Question 11

evolution affect —— for survival

Answer 11

selection

Question 12

ecological levels are :

Answer 12

organism -> population -> community + energy flow ->ecosystem

Question 13

Organismal level deals with ?

Answer 13

the disciplines and physiology and behaviour of an organism to meet the challenges posed by the environment

Question 14

population ecology concentrates on ?

Answer 14

factors that affect individuals of a particular species living in an area

Question 15

Community ecology deals with ?

Answer 15

the whole array of different species ( populations ) interacting in a community

Question 16

ecosystem ecology is ?

Answer 16

community/several of all various populations and their abiotic environment
Example { the availability of sunlight for plants }

Question 16

the emphasis is on —— flow and —— cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components ( if they are related by energy flow )

Answer 16

energy , chemical

Question 17

biosphere ecology { global / universe / planet } is ?

Answer 17

ultimate level which includes the global ecosystems the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems it’s includes the whole part of inhabited earth

Question 18

What are the types of distribution ?

Answer 18

1- clump
2- uniform
3- random

Question 19

———- - > they live in groups / families { humans live in clumps }
It increases the effectiveness of hunting and spreads the work of protecting and caring for young and helps exclude other individuals from their territory

Answer 19

Clump distribution

Question 20

———— - > One is away from the other by almost the same distance { penguins }

Answer 20

uniform distribution

Question 21

In a community each species occupies a particular position in a —— sense ( niche ) & —— sense ( habitat )

Answer 21

functional , space

Question 22

————- - > there is no reason , there are areas clump and areas uniform { dandelions }

Answer 22

random distribution

Question 23

What is niche?

Answer 23

Ways to exist ( habit/role )

Question 24

A habitat could be a ?

Answer 24

forest , creek

Question 25

The ecological niche is a term for?

Answer 25

the position of a species within a community / an ecosystem describing both the range of conditions necessary for persistence of the species and its ecological role.

Question 26

Niche includes the methods the species uses to acquire the resources for ?

Answer 26

{ energy , nutrients , survival demands }

Question 27

-organisms presence —— each other’s presence. - —— factors are considered density-dependent factors ( more density = more interactions )

Answer 27

affect biotic

Question 28

in high density communities coexistence and continuous competition may lead to :

Answer 28

1- resource partioning 2- niche specialisation 3- character displacement ( resource partioning )

Question 29

——— Apportioning of resources in order to decrease competition between two species

Answer 29

Resource partioning

Question 30

an example of resource passioning is :

Answer 30

owl and hawk populations who feed on similar prey ( small rodents ) but owls are nocturnal hunters and Hawks are diurnal hunters

Question 31

what could have been one niche became two more specialised niche because of ?

Answer 31

divergence of behaviour

Question 32

character displacement

Answer 32

the tendency for characteristics to be more divergent when populations belong to the same community. ( They became different due to niche specialisation )

Question 33

What is often used as evidence that competition and resource passioning have taken place

Answer 33

character displacement

Question 34

biotic factors/symbiotic relationships ( occurs when ————— )

Answer 34

more than one population are living together

Question 35

positive effect is less common -> presence of a specific species —— another population negative effect -> presence of a specific species —— another population distribution [ includes : predation , parasitism , disease , competition ]

Answer 35

benefits harms

Question 36

Predation :

Answer 36

One animal ( predator ) eat another ( prey )

Question 37

competition :

Answer 37

two populations compete over same resources, two populations of similar strength

Question 38

parasitism :

Answer 38

one individual obtain nutrients from another called ( host ) { viruses, worms }

Question 39

Commensalism :

Answer 39

one species is benefited while the other is not harmed { bacteria in the human gut }

Question 40

mutualism :

Answer 40

two species help one another and both species benefit { plans and their pollinators }

Question 41

population interactions :

Answer 41

1- competition ( - - ) -> abundance of both species decreases 2- predation ( + - ) -> abundance of predator increases and abundance of pray decreases 3- parasitism ( + - ) -> abundance of parasite increases and abundance of host decreases 4- commensalism ( + 0 ) -> abundance of commensals increases and host is not affected 5- mutualism ( + + ) -> abundance of both species increases

Question 42

abiotic factors are :

Answer 42

temperature, water, sunlight , wind , climate

Question 43

——— is an important factor in the distribution of organisms because of its effects on biological processes

Answer 43

temperature

Question 44

-organisms can maintain an appropriately active metabolism at a specific ——— -in general cells may —— / burst if the water they contain freezes at temperatures below 0ْ C , and proteins of most organisms denature at temperature ——— ( from 0 - 45 C is the range where most organisms live )

Answer 44

temperature rupture , above 45ْ C

Question 45

—— is an important factor reflecting distributions of populations.

Answer 45

water

Question 46

- Aquatic populations are adapted to either fresh or salty water by their ability of —— - distribution of terrestrial populations is also affected by —— presence to a large extent . - desert organisms exhibit a variety of adaptations for —— acquisition and conservation

Answer 46

osmoregulation water water

Question 47

—— provides the energy that derives nearly all ecosystems

Answer 47

sunlight

Question 48

the —— / natural AC -> amplifies the effects of the environmental temperature on organisms, it contributes on heat and water loss in organisms by —— rate of evaporative cooling in animals and transpiration plants

Answer 48

wind increasing

Question 49

the previous four factors make up the —— which affects —— distribution.

Answer 49

climate , population

Question 50

There are two levels of climate :

Answer 50

1- macroclimate -> global level 2- microclimate -> community level ( even if 2 continents )

Question 51

- No population can grow —— - human population increased relatively slowly until —— approximately 500 million people inhabited earth - the population double to —— within the next two centuries

Answer 51

indefinitely 1650 1billion

Question 52

2 billion between ——— more than 4 billion by —— doubling time is estimated to be between — and — years.

Answer 52

1850 and 1930 1975 50 , 60

Question 53

- The global population is now around —— and increasing about —— each year. - It is predicted that the total population will be between 9 billions in —— - 10 billions by ——

Answer 53

8.2 billion , 70 million 2037 2060

Question 54

- the growth rate peaked to 2.2 in —— - now it’s declined to 1.25% in —— - population in the world is currently ( 2021 - 2025 ) growing at rate of —— per year

Answer 54

1963 2015 0.85%

Question 55

rate =

Answer 55

birth - death / total population x 100

Question 56

- in average yearly growth of the more developed countries has stabilised at about —— , and —— for less developed countries - in war & famines there is no ——— even if birth decreased,death increased= 0

Answer 56

0.3% 1.5% demographic transition

Question 56

- decline and growth rate indicates that human population increase is not Exponential , which assumes —— rate. - these rates differ regionally example : - for 2004 : population growth in Afghanistan was — per year , and 0.6% in — , and -0.1% in Italy the minus means ———

Answer 56

constant 2.6% , USA , there were more deaths

Question 57

demographic transition refers to :

Answer 57

decrease in birth rates and death rates.

Question 58

- Ultimate demographic transition is to reach — population growth because of lower — rates and low — rates. - The plague was during —— A.D. - In 1960s there was a drop due to ——— .

Answer 58

0 , birth , death 1000-2000 famine in China