Lec 39 Flashcards by [Itzz Meh]

—— pollution is a major environmental risk to health

Air

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by reducing air pollution levels -> Countries can reduce {———————}

stroke , heart disease , lung cancer , chronic and acute respiratory diseases , asthma

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What are the WHO regional groupings of ——

pollution

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1- over —— in Southeast Asia region

2 million

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2- over —— in western Pacific region

2 million

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3- nearly 1 million in —— region

Africa

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4- about ——— deaths in eastern mid Terrian region

500,000

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5- about 500,000 deaths in —— region

Europe

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6- more than —— in the region of America.

300,000

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pollution

any environmental change that adversely affects the lives and health of living things

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Mention the fossil fuels :

Coal , petroleum , natural gas

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What are the preferred sources of energy for home and industrial use ?

fossil fuels

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burning of fossil fuels results in ?

carbon oxides , hydrocarbons , nitrogen oxides , sulfur oxides -> which cause air pollution

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the release of produced hydrogen compounds such as —— & widespread of —— are influencing the chemical composition of the atmosphere

chlorofluorocarbons
nitrogen fertilisers

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increase in size of human population and resource consumption bring effects that —— the biosphere and cause a sharp decline in ——

degrade
biodiversity

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Mention the alternative sources of energy :

solar energy , falling water , geothermal energy (heat of magma) , wind.

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What are the characteristics of alternative sources of energy?

renewable , eco-friendly

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types of air pollutants :

1- nitrogen oxides-> nitric oxide NO , nitrogen dioxide NO2 , nitrous oxide N2O
2- sulfur oxides -> sulfur dioxide SO2 , sulfur trioxide SO3
3- carbon oxides -> carbon monoxide CO , carbon dioxide CO2
4- photochemical oxidants -> ozone O3 , peroxyacyl nitrates PANS
5- hydrocarbons -> methane , benzene
6- organic halogens -> chlorofluorocarbons , halocarbons
7- Aerosols -> suspended particles { dust, smoke ,asbestos fibres, metals } and liquid droplets { sulfuric acid , oils , dioxins ,pesticides }

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1- ——— is the main emission that cause air pollution
2- fuel combustion including power plants
3- other things

transportation

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Global climate change is due to ?

1- greenhouse effect
2- acid rain
3- stratospheric ozone depletion

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Currently we are living in moderate temperature that earth has seen since —— years ago
global climate will continue to —— and at a rate — times faster than anytime in the past

130,000
warm , 10

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What are greenhouse gases

carbon dioxide , methane and other gases

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What impede the escape of infrared radiation from the surface of the Earth

greenhouse gases

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greater concentration of greenhouse gases lead to ——

global warming

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we get carbon dioxide from

fossil fuel and wood burning

We get nitrous oxide from

fertiliser use and animal waste

We get methane from

biogas ( bacterial decomposition, particularly in the guts of animals , in sediments , in flooded rice paddies )

We get chlorofluorocarbons from

Freon (refrigerant)

We get halons / hydrocarbons from

fire extinguishers

The ozone comes from

photochemical smog in troposphere

carbon dioxide sticks around -> once it is emitted into the atmosphere 40% remains after —— years and 20% after —— years and 10% as long as —— years later

100 , 1000 , 10,000

——— persists in the atmosphere for less time than carbon dioxide (about a decade)

Methane

—— is much more potent in greenhouse effect.

Methane

Methane global warming impact is — times greater than that of carbon dioxide over 100 years.

In greenhouse effect the UV is absorbed & infrared rays are —— so it’s bad

reradiated

How does carbonic acid form?

When a small amount of carbon dioxide in atmosphere combines with water to produce a weak solution

- carbon dioxide is —% of global human caused emissions - methane is —% - nitrous oxide is —% - fluorinated gases are —%.

76 16 6 2

Normally some UV light is absorbed by —— & gases in troposphere & some is reflected & the earth emits infrared radiation to the atmosphere

lithosphere

rain normally has a pH of about —— near Urban areas rain has pH Near —— cloud and fog droplets are almost always more —— than rain In some fog the pH of droplets is ——

5.6 4.0 acidic 1.7

sources of acid rain are :

1- changing global chemical climate is due to human activities 2- Coal & oil routinely burned by power plants emit sulfur dioxide and air 3- Automobile exhaust routinely puts nitrogen oxides in air 4- both sulphur dioxide & nitrogen oxides are converted to acids when they combine with water vapour in the atmosphere , which return to earth as wet deposition (acid drain / snow) or dry disposition (sulphate and nitrate salts )

effect of acid drain are :

1- distant effect away from the source of emission 2- increase deposition of acids affected forests and lakes in {northern Europe,Canada, North eastern United States} 3- acid deposition causes heavy metals to be present in drinking water 4- It leaches aluminium from soils into surrounding waters and dissolves copper and lead from pipes 5- acid deposition may be associated in increased incidence of lung and colon cancer

- Biosphere has ——— - the lithosphere is the —— of earth - The hydrosphere is ———

all living things shell/crust everything that has water

the sequence of atmosphere is :

troposphere , ozone layer , stratosphere , mesosphere ,Thermosphere

- ozone in the troposphere is —— but in stratosphere ozone forms a layer called —— that absorbs most of the solar wavelengths of harmful UV radiation so that they do not strike the Earth - Because of —— life was permitted on land. - UV radiation can kill plants trees and —— organisms - human health is threatened by——

pollutant ozone shield ozone layer microscopic UV

What are the effects of UV radiation on human health

1- mutations that lead to skin cancer 2- lenses of the eyes develop cataracts 3- impaires immunity 4- reduces ability to resist infectious diseases

depletion of ozone layer Was first observed in —— In —— severe depletion (Ozone holes) was observed on top of the Antarctic area

1980 1990

ozone depletion is traced to —— released in the —— and can rise to stratosphere chlorine atoms combine with ozone and strip away —— atoms the chlorine atoms come from breakdown of ———

chlorine , troposphere oxygen chlorofluorocarbons

Cl + O3 —> ClO + O3 —>

ClO + O2 2O2 + Cl

ozone shield in —— protects the Earth by absorbing solar UV radiation Chlorine atoms from CFCs react with ozone forming —— and oxygen chlorine monoxide react with —— And release chlorine atom and two molecules of Oxygen

stratosphere chlorine monoxide ozone

——— does not absorb UV radiation —— atom goes to break down more ozone

molecular oxygen chlorine

surface & ground water and oceans are subject to pollution by ?

dumping waste in them

Examples of solid waste

1- household trash 2- sewage sludge 3- agricultural residue 4- mining refuse 5- industrial waste

sewage water contains lots of organic elements which can cause —— in lakes and rivers due to Eutrophication

oxygen depletion

What is Eutrophication

when lakes receive access nutrients algae begin to grow in abundance and form excessive mats of filamentous algae

oxygen depletion and massive fish kill is due to?

Eutrophication

-as oxygen level decreases the diversity of life is —— -in less developed countries population is growing and sewage treatment is non-existent many children die from —— -Sewage treatment plants use ——— to break down organic matter to inorganic nutrients , which enter surface waters

reduced diseases bacteria (decomposers)

Human feeces contain pathogenic microorganisms that cause ?

cholera , typhoid fever, dysentery

What are examples of inorganic nutrients:

nitrates , phosphate

industrial waste include ?

1- heavy metals 2- organochlorides (pesticides)

-Industrial waste materials are not degraded readily under —— conditions in sewage treatment plans . they enter bodies of water and are subject to ——— -decomposers are unable to break down —— wastes , so They enter and remain in the body because they are ———

natural , biological magnification Industrial , not excreted

—— affect marine life, although oil is ——— , the process takes a long time in the last 50 years we have polluted the seas and exploited their resources so many species are about to be ——

oil spills , biodegradable extent

biological magnification is :

when high toxic material is in one organism.

Algae are —— trophic level but have —— biomass

lowest highest

The great blue heron is —— Trophic level but —— biomass

high low

Lec 39 Flashcards

(64 cards)