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Lec 41 Flashcards

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1
Q

Vertebrates derived their name from

A

Series of bones that make up the vertebral column / backbone

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2
Q

——— ago the first vertebrate appeared in the ——

A

540 million years , oceans

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3
Q

——— vertebrates were restricted to the ——

A

200 million years , oceans

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4
Q

——— ago evolution of legs and feet in one lineage of vertebrates made it possible for them to ———

A

360 million years , move to land

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5
Q

on land vertebrates diversified into :

A

amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals

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6
Q

There are approximately ——- species of vertebrates

A

52,000

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7
Q

——-insect species on Earth

A

1 million

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8
Q

Vertebrates belong to phylum —— characterised by ———

A

Chordata , Bilateral symmetry

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9
Q

the 4 characteristics of chordates are :

A

1- Notochord
2- dorsal Hollow nerve cord
3- pharyngeal slits / clefts
4- muscular post anal tail

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10
Q

What is the notochord ?

A

longitudinal flexible rod between the digestive tube & nerve cord

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11
Q

What is the notochord composed of ?

A

large fluid filled cells encased in stiff fibrous tissue

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12
Q

What is the importance of the notochord?

A

provides skeletal support

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13
Q
  • In most vertebrates a more —— skeleton develops
  • The adult retains —— of embryonic notochord
  • In human notochord is reduced to ——— sandwiched between the vertebrae
A

complex jointed
remnants
gelatinous discs

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14
Q

The nerve cord of chordate embryo develops from ——— that rolls into tube dorsal to the notochord

A

a plate of ectoderm

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15
Q

the —— part of the nerve cord of chordate embryo develops into the brain in most chordates

A

anterior

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16
Q

In vertebrates nerve cord develops into ———

A

spinal cord

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17
Q

The ——— cord is unique to chordates

A

dorsal hollow nerve

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18
Q

——— have solid nerve cords located ventrally in most cases

A

arthropods

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19
Q

In all chordate’s embryos a series of —— separated by grooves forms along the side of the pharynx

A

pouches

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20
Q

In most aquatic chordates grooves are known as pharyngeal clefts develop into ——

A

slits

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21
Q

What opens to outside of the body of aquatic chordates?

A

Slits

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22
Q

What is the importance of pharyngeal slits ?

A

allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract

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23
Q

In non vertebrates, fish , amphibians the slits develop into ——— for gas exchange

A

gills slits

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24
Q

In tetrapods The pharyngeal clefts do not develop into —— , Instead they play an important role in the development of parts of the —— and other structures in the head and neck

A

slits , ear

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25
Chordates have a —— extending —— to anus , but most species lose it during —— development.
tail , posterior , embryonic
26
What does chordates tail contain?
1- skeletal elements 2- muscles
27
What is the importance of the tail in chordates?
provides propelling force in aquatic species
28
What are craniates ?
Chordates that have a head
29
after the evolution of basic chordates the next major transition in chordates was ?
appearance of head
30
What does the head consist of ?
1- brain at an anterior end of the dorsal nerve cord 2- eyes 3- sensory organs 4- skull
31
Craniates Have a —— metabolism and more extensive —— system.
higher , muscular
32
Craniates have muscles lining their ———
digestive tract
33
Craniates have a heart with at least — chambers , RBCs , haemoglobin , —— that remove waste products from the blood
2 , kidneys
34
A lineage of craniates evolved into vertebrates with more ———— & more elaborate ——— than their ancestors
complex nervous system , skeleton
35
vertebrates evolved a more extensive —— and —— composed of vertebrae
skull , backbone
36
In majority of vertebrates the vertebrae enclose the ——— and take over mechanical roles of ——
spinal cord , notochord
37
aquatic vertebrate acquired ? That are stiffened by ?
dorsal , ventral , anal fins rays
38
What is the importance of fins ?
provide thrust and steering control during swimming
39
faster swimming is supported by other Adaptations Such as ?
more efficient gas exchange system in gills
40
What are Gnathostomes ?
Vertebrates that have Jaws
41
Tetrapods are Gnathostomes that have — limbs / feet
4
42
——— ago fins of some vertebrates evolved into limbs and feet of the tetrapods
360 million years
43
until then all vertebrates had the same basic —— like anatomy
fish
44
—— were first vertebrates to live on land
amphibians
45
once tetrapods moved onto land they took on new ——
forms
46
amniotes are tetrapod that have a ———— (amniotic egg)
terrestrially adapted egg
47
the amniotic egg contains?
extra embryonic specialised membranes
48
What is the importance of extra embryonic specialised membranes ?
protect the embryo
49
Where do extra embryonic specialised membranes develop ?
from tissue layers that grow out from the embryo { allantois , chorion , amnion , yolk sac }
50
the amniotic egg is usually protected by ?
A shell
51
Amniotes acquired adaptations to terrestrial life such as ?
1- less permeable skin 2- ability to use the rib cage to ventilate lungs
52
What are the functions of extra embryonic membranes: 1- The Allantois: 2- the chorion : 3- The Amnion : 4- yolk sac contains :
1- sac for certain metabolic wastes & functions with the chorion as a respiratory organ 2- exchange gases between embryo and air 3- protects the embryo 4- yolk -> pile of nutrients , blood vessels -> transport nutrients from yolk into embryo other nutrients are stored in the albumin/egg white
53
The two main linages of amniotes are
1- reptiles 2- mammals
54
class of mammals includes amniotes that have ?
hair & produce milk
55
there are about —— species of mammals on earth
5000
56
What are The two unique characters of mammals ?
1- mammary glands 2- hair and fat layer under the skin 3- differentiation of teeth
57
The mammary glands produce ——
milk
58
all mothers nourish their young with milk which is a ———
balanced diet
59
The milk is rich in ?
fats sugars, proteins, minerals and vitamins
60
What is the importance of hair and fat layer under the skin?
help the body retain heat
61
Birds and mammals are —— and most have high metabolism rates
endothermal
62
Mammals have ?
efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
63
Mammals have a ———— , which supports the mammals metabolism
four chamber heart
64
A sheet of muscles (diaphragm) helps ———
ventilate the lungs
65
mammals generally have a larger brain than other —— of equivalent size and many species are ——
vertebrates , capable learners
65
reptiles have —— teeth [ uniform in size ]
conical
66
the teeth of mammals come in a variety of sizes and shapes , why ?
Because it adapted for chewing many kinds of foods
67
The order primates of mammalians include ?
Lemurs , tarsiers , monkeys , apes ( hominoids )
68
humans are members of the group of the —- group
ape
69
most primates have hands and feet adapted for ? and their digits have?
grasping , flat nails not narrow claws
70
primates have ?
1- larger brain 2- short jaws which gives them a flat face 3- well developed parental care 4- complex social Behaviour
71
Family hominoids consist of the genera ?
Hylobates ( gibbons ) , pongo (orangutan) , gorilla (gorilla) , pan (chimpanzees and bonobos ), homo (humans)
72
hominoids have ?
larger brain in proportion to their body size than other primates
73
hominoid behaviour is more ——
flexible
74
Homo sapiens is about —— years old
130,000
75
life existed on earth at at least ——— , so we are evolutionary newcomers
3.5 billion years
76
humans are —— hominoids with a large brain
bipedal
77
What are the characteristics that distinguish humans from other hominoids?
1- Stand upright and walk on two legs 2- much larger brain 3- capable of language 4- symbolic thoughts 5- manufacture and use complex tools 6- reduced jaw bones & muscles 7- shorter digestive tract
78
humans genome contains —— base pairs , 99% of it is identical to chimpanzees
3 billion
79
What is paleoanthropology ?
studying the origin of humans
80
Paleo anthropologists claim the discovery of — species of —— closely related to humans than chimpanzees
20 , hominoids
81
evidence from? depicts that hominoids evolved into many species until Homo sapiens.
1- fossils 2- archaeological relics 3- DNA studies
82
Ancestors of humans originated in ——. Older species give rise to —— species
Africa , newer
83
in 2003 researchers working in —— reported discovery of —— old fossils of sapiens , which is the oldest known fossils of ———
Ethiopia , 130,000 years , Homo sapiens
84
Most widely accepted hypothesis for the evolution of modern humans is —— or out of Africa hypothesis , which means that all evolutionary events of sapiens happened in —— and then modern human migrated to — & — and replace the early homo species
replacement Model , Africa only , Asia , Europe
85
genetic studies support the ——— hypothesis
Out of Africa
86
oldest fossils of Homo sapiens outside Africa are about —— years in Asia and in —— about 60,000 years
100,000 , Europe
87
humans spread beyond Africa first into? then to?
Asia -> Europe -> Australia
88
classification of humans:
Phylum -> amniotes class -> mammals order -> primates family -> hominoids (apes) genus -> homo species -> sapiens
89
Not all chordates are ——
craniates
90
All amniots are ——
chordates
91
From bigger to smaller:
Chordates -> Craniates -> Vertebrates -> Gnathostomes -> Tetrapods -> Amniotes

Biology (20 decks)

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