Lecture 12 and 13

Question 1

How does immunisation control disease

Answer 1

Manipulates the immune response to fight infections

Question 2

How do vaccines work

Answer 2

Induce adaptive immune response to a particular pathogen which result in memory

Question 3

What are the general requirements of effective vaccines (5)

Answer 3

1. Safety and efficacy
2. Requirements for a good vaccine depend on the nature of the infecting organism
3. Extracellular bacteria - antibody important
4. Intracellular bacteria - effective cell mediated immunity important
5. Point of entry - mucosal immunity for organisms that enter via mucosal sites

Question 4

Features of effective vaccines (6)

Answer 4

1. Safe
2. Protective
3. Gives sustained protection
4. Induces neutralising antibody
5. Induces protective T cells
6. Practical considerations

Question 5

Types of immunity that can protect from infection

Answer 5

1. Passive - artificial

2. Active - natural infection of vaccination

Question 6

Explain passive immunisation

Answer 6

Immunoglobin may be administered to give temporary protection. It requires a hyperimmune animal as a donor

Question 7

What is a living organism vaccine

Answer 7

• Fully virulent
• Attenuated, reduced virulence
• Vectored vaccines

Question 8

What is an inactivated virus or bacteria

Answer 8

• Kill whole visions

- Kill whole bacteria

Question 9

What is a subunit vaccine

Answer 9

• Bacterial toxoids or extracts
• Recombinant antigens of viruses/bacteria
• Other types - DNA vaccines

Question 10

Progression in viral vaccine development

Answer 10

1. First generation - produced in animals
2. Second generation - produced in embryonate eggs
3. Third generation - produced in cell culture
4. Fourth generation - recombinant DNA technology

Question 11

What does an attenuation of virulence mean

Answer 11

Process of reducing virulence, virulence reduced so they no longer cause disease

Question 12

What does an inderattenuation of virulence mean

Answer 12

Residual virulence and disease

Question 13

What does an overattenuation of virulence mean

Answer 13

Ineffective

Question 14

What are vaccine antigens generated by gene cloning good for

Answer 14

Producing large quantities of purified antigen

Question 15

What is a DNA vaccine

Answer 15

You inject DNA rather than protein
Vaccine Ag gene cloned into plasmid behind strong mammalian promoter
Plasmid is injected into skin or muscle and taken up by the host

Question 16

What can adjuvants be added to

Answer 16

The vaccine to enhance the immune response

Question 17

What have receptors that recognise PAMPS

Answer 17

Leukocytes

Question 18

What are core vaccines

Answer 18

1. Essential
2. Protect against common dangerous disease
3. Failure of use places animals at significant risk of disease or death

Question 19

What are optional vaccines

Answer 19

1. Risk associated with not vaccinating is low

2. Choice base on risk of exposure

Question 20

What is herd immunity

Answer 20

1. Vaccines used to control disease in population of animals rather than individuals
2. Resistance in herd due to presence of some immune animals

Question 21

How can vaccines be administered

Answer 21

1. Injection
2. Oral
3. Intranasal
4. Aerosols
5. Fish - immersion

Question 22

What is the aim of oral vaccinations

Answer 22

Stimulate the production of IgA and the cell mediated immunity int eh GIT and on other mucosal surfaces

Question 23

What does the DIVA strategy allow

Answer 23

For vaccination while still retaining the possibility of serological surveillance for the presence of infection

Question 24

What does the GnRF vaccination suppress

Answer 24

LH release and prevents ovulation; follicle development