Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the components of the innate immune response (4)

Answer 1

1. Genetic susceptibility
2. Physical and chemical barriers
3. Cells
4. Protein molecules

Question 2

What is inflammation

Answer 2

Non-specific response to tissue injury. It is the process by which cells of the immune system and their products are concentrated at site of infection or tissue damage

Question 3

What does PAMPs stand for

Answer 3

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 4

How are PAMPs recognised

Answer 4

by Toll-like receptors

Question 5

What does inflammation lead to

Answer 5

increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability

Question 6

Study slide 8

Answer 6

!!

Question 7

How does inflammation initiate the immune response

Answer 7

1. stimulus
2. Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on sensor cell surfaces get activated
3. Signals are passed on
4. Specific genes switched on
5. proinflammatory proteins secreted
6. Cells activates

Question 8

What are the cell type that can discriminate between self and non-self

Answer 8

Sensor cells

Question 9

What are inflammatory mediators 1 derived from

Answer 9

Plasma and cells

Question 10

List 3 inflammatory mediators 2

Answer 10

1. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
2. Lysosomal components
3. Nitric oxide

Question 11

What do sentinel cells produce

Answer 11

Cytokines

Question 12

What effect to sentinel cells have

Answer 12

Local and systemic effect

Question 13

What is a complement

Answer 13

a group of proteins

Question 14

What does a complement system do

Answer 14

1. Help to recruit phagocytes to site of inflammation and activate them
2. Bind to receptors on phagocytes, helping to remove agent of infection
3. form pores in the invader or infected cell’s membrane
4. Active mast cells to release histamine and other factors
5. Complement proteins C3, C5, C4

Question 15

What are the 3 pathways of activation in the complement system

Answer 15

1. Alternative
2. Classical
3. Lectin

Question 16

What is essential to all complement pathways

Answer 16

C3

Question 17

What do monocytes develop into

Answer 17

macrophages

Question 18

Where are phagocytic cells attracted

Answer 18

Site of infection by chemicals given off by dying cells

Question 19

Characteristic of neutrophils (3)

Answer 19

1. Arrive first at site of infection or damage
2. Engulf pathogens and dead cell remains
3. Release chemical that kill nearby bacteria and attract other phagocytes

Question 20

What do macrophages circulate in the blood as

Answer 20

Monocytes

Question 21

When do they arrive at infection site

Answer 21

After neutrophils

Question 22

What do macrophages do

Answer 22

Engulf pathogens and dead cell remains

Question 23

How do phagocytes get to site of infection

Answer 23

1. circulate in blood

2. Refer to lecture slide

Question 24

What is a fever

Answer 24

Systemic response to infection, it often accompanies inflammation.

Question 25

Positive effects of a fever on bodily function (3)

Answer 25

1. indicates a reaction to infection 2. stimulate phagocytosis 3. slow bacterial growth

Question 26

Negative effects of a fever on bodily function

Answer 26

Extreme heat can cause enzyme denaturation and interruption of normal biochemical reactions

Question 27

Describe the acute phase response 1

Answer 27

Refer to lecture

Question 28

Describe the acute phase response 2

Answer 28

Refer to lecture slide

Question 29

Define acute inflammation

Answer 29

Occurs within minutes of tissue insult

Question 30

What are the signs of acute inflammation (4)

Answer 30

1. Redness - vasodilation, increased blood flow 2. Swelling 3. Pain - release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings 4. Heat - increased blood flow at core body temp to site

Question 31

What is the difference between chronic inflammation and acute inflammation (4)

Answer 31

1. Lymphocyte, macrophage, plasma cell infiltration 2. Granuloma may be present 3. Tissue destruction by inflammatory cells 4. Attempts at repair with fibrosis and angiogenesis

Question 32

What are the 5 signs of inflammation

Answer 32

1. Pain 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Redness 5. Loss of function

Question 33

What does IL-1B activate

Answer 33

Vascular endothelium and lymphocytes

Question 34

What does TNF-a activate

Answer 34

Vascular endothelium and increases permeability

Question 35

What does IL-6 activate

Answer 35

Lymphocyte activation

Question 36

Where do the MBL cells bind (lectin pathway)

Answer 36

Sugars on the pathogen