Lecture 14: Female and male repro Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
What do the reproductive systems consist of?
A
1) Gonads (testes and ovaries)
2) Reproductive tracts
3) External genitalia
4) Accessory sex glands
2
Q
What do the gonads (testes and ovaries) produce and secrete?
A
1) Gametes (sperm and ova)
2) Sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen/progesterone)
3
Q
Reproduction depends on the union of what?
A
1) male and female gametes
4
Q
1) Each gamete has a __________ set of chromosomes.
2) Estrogen is a group of compounds containing what 3 things?
3) What is the principle ovarian estrogen?
A
1) half
2) Estradiol, estrone, and estriol
3) Estradiol
5
Q
1) Testes are suspended in a skin covered sac called the __________
2) Sperm exit via what? Is this bilateral or unilateral?
A
1) scrotum
2) Male reproductive tract; bilateral
6
Q
1) What 3 things does the male repro tract consist of?
2) What does it empty into?
A
1) Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct
2) Urethra, which runs along the penis and empties into the exterior
7
Q
List the 6 primary jobs of the female repro organs
A
1) Oogenesis
2) Reception of sperm
3) Transporting gametes for conception
4) Developing the fetus
5) Birth
6) Lactation
8
Q
1) What do gametes fuse into?
2) What does this divide into?
3) What does this then develop? What is it called?
4) When is it called a fetus?
A
1) A zygote (single cell)
2) Ball of cells called a blastocyst
3) An amniotic sac; an embryo
4) 9 weeks after conception (or 11 weeks after LMP)
9
Q
1) Define ovulation
2) What role does the fallopian tube play?
A
1) Ovaries release ovum
2) Ovum travels down it
10
Q
1) What organ maintains the fetus during development?
2) What is the lowest portion of this organ?
3) What opening does this contain? What does it do during birth?
A
1) Uterus
2) Cervix (projects into the vagina)
3) Cervical canal; dilates during birth
11
Q
1) Define gametogenesis
2) Define meiosis and how this applies to reproduction
A
1) Process of cells dividing by meiosis to form gametes
2) Half of the genetic information is distributed to four daughter cells
-Sperm and ova each have haploid number of chromosomes (23) which fuse into a full set (46)
12
Q
Nuclear division in somatic cells is accomplished by what? Define this proces.
A
Mitosis: Chromosomes replicate, then separate into two daughter cells
13
Q
Differences between males and females exist at what three levels?
A
1) Genetic (XX vs XY)
2) Gonadal
3) Phenotypic
14
Q
___[type of]_______ sex is dependent on ___[type]_______ sex which is dependent on ____[type]____ sex
A
Phenotypic; gonadal; genetic
15
Q
1) What does genetic sex depend on?
2) What does it determine?
A
1) Combination of sex chromosomes at time of conception
2) Gonadal sex
16
Q
1) Presence of testes or ovaries (gonadal sex) is determined by _____________ sex
2) Gonadal specificity manifests during week _____ when the undifferentiated gonadal tissue (in both m&f) differentiates under the influence of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome
A
1) genetic
2) 7
17
Q
1) The Y chromosome masculinizes the gonads by coding for the production of what?
2) When do the female gonads develop?
A
1) testis-determining factor (SRY protein)
2) Week 9: undifferentiated gonadal tissue starts developing into ovaries
18
Q
1) Define phenotypic sex
2) What determines it? What mediates it?
3) When is it developed?
A
1) Anatomicsex of an individual
2) Determined by gonads and mediated by hormones
3) Embryonic development of external genitalia
19
Q
Undifferentiated genital tissue consists ofwhat 3 things? Define each.
A
1) Genital tubercle: Clitoris and penis
2) Urethral folds: Labia minora and erectile tissue around urethra
3) Genital swellings: Labia majora and scrotum/prepuce(foreskin)
20
Q
True or false: External genitalia develop from same undifferentiated embryonic tissue, but reproductive tracts develop from two different systems present in all embryos
A
True
21
Q
Reproductive tracts develop from two different systems present in all embryos; what are they? What happens when each duct is used and what happens when they’re not?
A
1) Wolffian ducts: develop into male reproductive tracts
2) Müllerian ducts: develop into female reproductive tracts
-The other duct degenerates
22
Q
1) Define secondary sex characteristics
2) What two hormones are they influenced by?
A
1) The external characteristics that distinguish males from females, but are not directly involved in reproduction
2) Testosterone and estrogen
23
Q
1) Testosterone in the fetus induces what?
2) Why?
A
1) Descent of the testes into the scrotum
2) Spermatogenesis cannot occur at normal body temperature; temperature of scrotum needs to b regulated by its position
24
Q
Position of scrotum can be varied by a spinal reflex mechanism; describe what happens when it’s cold or hot
A
1) Cold: reflex contraction of scrotal muscles raises the scrotal sac to warm the testes
2) Hot: relaxation of scrotal muscles moves the testes away from the body’s heat
25
1) List 3 hormones that are all derived from a cholesterol precursor molecule
2) Out of the 3, some of which is secreted into the blood?
3) Where does much of it go? Why?
1) Testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
2) Testosterone
3) Much of it goes into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules of the testes to participate in sperm production
26
Describe how testosterone affects the reproductive system development before birth (2 ways)
1) Masculinizes the reproductive tract and external genitalia
2) Promotes descent of testes into the scrotum
27
1) What produces testosterone?
2) What happens to testosterone after birth?
1) Leydig cells
2) Secretion ceases until puberty
28
1) Effects on sex-specific tissues after birth begins between what ages? (in males and females)
2) Are adult men fertile forever, or do they have a process comparable to menopause?
3) Are there any degenerative changes with age? If so, where? If not, why?
1) 10–14 years of age in males; 9 – 13 in females
2) Spermatogenesis becomes less efficient around 45yo, but men in their 70s can potentially father children. Not like menopause
3) Testes do not degenerate, the degenerative changes occur in the testicular blood vessels
29
List 2 other reproduction-related effects of testosterone not yet mentioned (incl. at least one type of feedback control).
1) Sexual drive
2) Negative-feedback control of gonadotropin secretion by anterior pituitary
30
List 4 effects of testosterone on secondary sex characteristics
1) Male hair growth
2) Deep voice due to enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal folds
3) Thickening of the skin
4) Broadening of the shoulders and development of musculature
31
List 3 nonreproduction actions of testosterone. Include which is disputed.
1) Increases protein synthesis
2) Stimulates bone growth
-Also eventually prevents further growth [by ossifying the epiphyseal plates]
3) Aggressive behavior (disputed in humans)
32
1) Define spermatogenesis
2) Spermatogenesis takes ______ days per sperm.
3) Up to __________________________ sperm reach maturity daily.
1) The complex process by which undifferentiated germ cells proliferate and are converted into sperm.
2) 64 days
3) several hundred million
33
List the 2 steps of **mitosis** in the context of **spermatogenesis**
1) Spermatogonia divide into new cells which contain 46 chromosomes
2) One cell moves closer to the lumen and divides twice more to produce 4 primary spermatocytes
34
List the 2 steps of **meiosis** in the context of **spermatogenesis**
1) Each primary spermatocyte forms: 2 secondary spermatocytes (w. 23 doubled chromosomes)
2) Divide to yield 4 spermatids (w. 23 single chromosomes)
35
1) Spermatids are remodeled into spermatozoa (sperm) in a process called ___________.
2) What occurs during this process?
1) packaging
2) Stripped of most of the cytosol and organelles not needed for transferring genetic information to the ovum
36
A spermatozoon has 3 parts; what are they? Describe each.
Include which contains the nucleus and **which contains mitochondria.**
1) Head: consists primarily of the nucleus, capped by the acrosome
-Acrosome: enzyme-filled cap that is an "enzymatic drill" to penetrate ovum
2) Midpiece: contains mitochondria which power the tail
3) Tail: provides mobility
37
1) An "enzyme-filled cap that is an 'enzymatic drill' to penetrate ovum" describes what structure?
2) How does testosterone eventually prevent further growth?
1) Acrosome
2) By ossifying the epiphyseal plates
38
1) The male reproductive tract consists of what 3 things?
2) Define male repro tract
1) Tubes that transport sperm, accessory sex glands, penis
2) Tubes that transport the sperm from the testes to the outside of the body
39
1) What part of the male reproductive tract stores sperm? Where is it?
2) What do the ducts of this part converge to form?
3) Where does this structure go?
1) Epididymis, attached to posterior of the testes
2) Vas deferens
3) Into abdominal cavity, empties into urethra at neck of bladder
40
1) What do male accessory sex glands contribute to?
2) What is the collection of their secretions called?
3) What does the penis do? (reproductively)
1) Secretions vital to the viability of sperm
2) Semen
3) Deposits sperm carried by semen
41
What are the 3 male accessory sex glands that contribute secretions vital to the viability of sperm?
State what each surrounds or secretes into.
1) Seminal vesicles: empty into vas deferens bilaterally
2) Prostate: surrounds ejaculatory ducts and urethra
3) Bulbourethral glands: secrete into the urethra just before the penis
42
1) What accessory sex glands provide 60% of the semen volume?
2) What is the primary energy for ejaculated sperm? What supplies it?
3) What secrete prostaglandins (which stimulate contractions in male and female tracts to help transport sperm)?
4) What part of the male repro system secretes fibrinogen?
1) Seminal vesicles
2) Fructose; seminal vesicles
3) Seminal vesicles
4) Seminal vesicles
43
1) What secretes alkaline fluid (which neutralizes acidic vaginal secretions)?
2) What does the prostate gland provide regarding clotting?
3) What does the prostate release that's prostate-specific?
1) Prostate gland
2) Clotting enzymes
3) Prostate-specific antigen
44
1) What helps keep semen in the female reproductive tract? (hint: one word)
2) _______ is fibrinolytic, and eventually releases the sperm from the female tract
3) What glands provide some lubrication? Is this comparable to female lubrication?
1) Coagulation
2) PSA
3) Bulbourethral glands; minimal compared to female
45
1) Testes are controlled by 2 AP gonadotropic hormones; what are they?
2) Do they act on the same components of the testes?
1) FSH and LH
2) Act on separate components
46
1) LH acts on __________ cells to regulate testosterone secretion
2) This hormone is is needed for ___________________.
3) What hormone acts on Sertoli cells to enhance spermatogenesis? What is this hormone needed for?
1) Leydig; testosterone
2) germ cell division
3) FSH; spermatid remodeling
47
1) Secretion of LH and FSH is stimulated by what hypothalamic hormone?
2) How often is it released?
1) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
2) In bursts every 2-3 hours
48
1) LH and FSH secretion is influenced by what 2 hormones?
2) Which one decreases LH by negative feedback? What structures does it act on to do this?
1) Testosterone and inhibin
2) Testosterone; hypothalamus and AP
49
Testosterone decreases LH (negative-feedback) by acting on what two structures?
Describe the effects of each (this pt not super important).
1) Hypothalamus: slightly decreases FSH too
2) Anterior pituitary: only decreases LH
50
1) What is inhibin? What is it secreted by?
2) What does it inhibit?
1) Peptide hormone; by Sertoli cells
2) FSH secretion by AP
51
1) GnRH activity increases when?
2) What is occurring before then?
1) At puberty
2) It's inhibited, thus LH/FSH are not secreted at adequate levels for any significant testicular activity
52
Factors responsible for initiating puberty are unclear, but ____[hormone]______ might play a role
melatonin
53
1) What processes can **hypo**gonadism cause defects in? (Males)
2) What are the two types?
1) Spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis or both
2) Primary (testis) or secondary (hypothalamic-pituitary)
54
Gonadal failure before puberty (hypogonadism) results in what? What is this called?
Absence of secondary sex characteristics; eunuchoidism
55
What are the two major components of the female reproductive system?
List the primary and secondary functions of each.
1) Ovaries: produce the ovum; secrete progesterone, estradiol and androgens
2) Ductal System: union for sperm and egg; maintains the developing fetus
56
What 3 hormones do the ovaries secrete?
Progesterone, estradiol and androgens
57
1) What two parts do the ovaries (8-12g) consist of?
2) What do they contain?
1) Outer cortex and inner medulla
2) Follicles, corpora lutea, corpora albicantia, and stromal cells
58
What are the 3 parts of the oviduct (fallopian tube)?
What is the primary function of each?
1) Infundibulum: Contains fimbria to gram the ovum
2) Ampulla: Fertilization should occur here
3) Isthmus: [none listed]
59
1) Puberty in females occurs when what hormone increases for the first time?
2) This hormone stimulates what two hormones? What does this then do?
1) GnRH
2) LH and FSH; stimulate ovarian estrogen
60
1) When GnRH stimulates LH and FSH which stimulate ovarian estrogen, what 2 things does this induce?
2) List 3 physical traits this includes
3) Which 3 induced physical traits are attributed to androgens (DHEA) rather than estrogen?
1) Maturation of the female reproductive tract and development of secondary female sex characteristics
2) Fat deposition, enlargement of breasts, closing of the epiphyseal plates
3) Axillary & pubic hair, growth spurt, and sex drive
61
List the 4 stages of female puberty
1) Thelarche
2) Pubarche
3) Adrenarche
4) Menarche
62
1) In what stage does the first physical sign of puberty occur? What is this sign?
2) In what stage does pubic hair appear? Where is this in relation to the first sign of puberty?
1) Thelarche; breast budding
2) Pubarche; usually 6 months later
63
1) What characterizes adrenarche stage of puberty? What physical characteristic accompanies this?
2) Is adrenarche the same as gonadarche? If not, specify the order in which each occurs
3) What defines menarche?
1) Adrenal production of DHEA; axillary hair
2) No, they're separate; precedes gonadarche by 2 years (usually 6-8 years old)
3) Beginning of menstrual cycles
64
1) Define precocious puberty.
2) What hormone does it involve the premature reactivation of?
3) What are 3 potential causes? Which is the most common? Describe each.
1) Early signs of secondary sexual maturation; ages 6-7
2) Premature reactivation of GnRH
3) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
-Follicular Cysts (most common; secrete estrogen)
-McCune-Albright Syndrome (mutations that lead to increased ovarian estrogen synthesis (or test. in boys))
65
1) Secretion of female sex hormones displays cyclic swings and release of _______ is intermittent.
2) During each cycle, the repro. tract is prepared for fertilization. What happens if fertilization does occur? What about if it does not occur?
3) What structure is responsible for oogenesis [producing ova]? What two hormones does this structure secrete?
1) ova
2) Cycles are interrupted; cycles repeat
3) Ovaries; estrogen and progesterone
66
____________ in the females governs functions similar to those of testosterone in the male
Estrogen
67
List 4 responsibilities of estrogen in females
1) Maturation and maintenance of female reproductive system
2) Establishment of secondary sex characteristics
3) Ova maturation and release
4) Breast development in anticipation of lactation
68
1) What hormone is important in preparing suitable envt. for developing embryo and contributes to breasts' ability to produce milk?
2) What reproductive process occurs via steps of chromosome replication?
1) Progesterone
2) Oogenesis
69
In oogenesis:
1) Undifferentiated germ cells develop into __________.
2) Then these divide **mitotically** to produce ______________ of them by the 5th month of gestation.
3) What happens after this?
1) oogonia
2) 7 million
3) Mitotic proliferation ceases
70
1) During the last part of fetal development, oogonia do what?
2) Primary oocytes contain ____[diploid/ haploid]___ number of ___#__ replicated chromones.
3) True or false: after the last part of fetal development, the primary oocytes then remain in a state of meiotic arrest for years until prepared for ovulation
1) Begin (but do not complete) the first meiotic division
2) diploid; 46
3) True
71
1) Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of ____________ cells
2) What two things are collectively known as follicular cells?
3) What happens to follicular cells that aren't incorp. into mature follicles?
1) granulosa
2) Thecal and granulosa cells
3) Undergo apoptosis
72
1) At birth, how many primordial follicles remain?
2) What does each primordial follicle contain? What is this capable of producing?
3) True or false: new oocytes or follicles can appear after birth.
1) 2 million
2) A single oocyte; a single ovum
3) False; **no** new oocytes or follicles will appear
73
1) Define atresia
2) What two things can happen to a follicle?
3) What do paracrine factors cause?
4) __________ follicles remain at puberty, about ______ will mature
1) The process of a follicle degenerating to form scar tissue.
2) Either reach maturity and ovulate, or undergo atresia.
3) Trickling of follicles (poorly understood).
4) 300,000; 400
74
1) Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte, whose nucleus has been in meiotic arrest for years, does what?
2) What does this yield?
1) Completes the first meiotic division
2) Two daughter cells (each receiving a haploid set of 23 double-stranded chromosomes)
75
1) Almost all of the cytoplasm remains with one of the daughter cells, called the ____________ oocyte, and will become the ______________.
2) What is the other daughter cell called? What happens to it?
1) secondary oocyte; ovum
2) First polar body; divides once
76
1) When does the secondary oocyte undergo second meiotic division?
2) Technically, the __________________ is ovulated and fertilized, and then becomes the “ovum”
1) Upon sperm entry
2) secondary oocyte
77
1) What is the result of the second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte upon sperm entry?
2) What do these unite with? What does this do?
3) What then happens to the polar bodies?
1) Half set of chromosomes is extruded as the **second polar body**, other half set of 23 unpaired chromosomes remains as the **mature ovum**
2) 23 paternal chromosomes of the sperm; complete fertilization
3) Polar bodies degenerate
78
After the onset of puberty, the ovary constantly alternates between what two phases?
List what characterizes each, and what each accomplishes.
1) **Follicular phase:** Dominated by presence of maturing follicles
-Produces a mature egg
2) **Luteal phase:** Presence of corpus luteum
-Prepares the tract for pregnancy
79
1) When is the ovarian cycle interrupted?
2) When is it terminated?
3) How long is the avg. cycle?
1) If pregnancy occurs
2) Menopause
3) 28 days (but can vary)
80
**Follicular phase:**
1) What is the primary oocyte doing?
2) What 3 things are delivered to the oocyte?
3) What then forms? What does this collect?
1) Synthesizing and storing materials in preparation for fertilization
2) Glucose, amino acids, and other molecules
3) Antrum forms; estrogen (secreted by follicular cells)
81
Follicular phase:
1) Follicle with the most ______ receptors grows more rapidly than others, developing into a __________ follicle; aka “_____________ follicle”
2) What signifies ovulation?
1) FSH; mature; “dominant follicle”
2) Follicle pushes against ovarian surface, until it cannot be contained
3) Follicle ruptures, ovum is swept into fallopian tube
82
Luteal phase:
1) Define luteinization
2) What is the involvement of the corpus luteum?
3) What is the goal of this phase?
1) Ruptured follicle left behind undergoes a transformation into the corpus luteum
2) Secretes abundant progesterone and small amt. of estrogen
3) Prepares uterus for implantation
83
Luteal phase:
1) What does the corpus luteum do if the ovum is not fertilized?
2) What does the corpus luteum do if the ovum is fertilized and implantation occurs?
3) How long does this last?
1) Degenerates within 14 days
2) Grows and produces increasing amounts of progesterone and estrogen
3) Until pregnancy ends
84
The ovary has two endocrine units; what are they, and what does each secrete?
1) Follicle: estrogen during the first half of the cycle
2) Corpus luteum: estrogen and progesterone during the second half
85
The ovary is governed by cyclic hormonal relationships among the ______________ and _____________
hypothalamus and AP
86
1) What 3 hormones control the ovary (like in the male)?
2) What about this differs from the male?
1) GnRH, FSH, and LH
2) Effects of FSH ad LH depends on the stage of the ovarian cycle (unlike the male)
87
1) __________________ is part of negative feedback in one part of the cycle ,and positive feedback in another
2) True or false: FSH is not solely for gametogenesis, and LH is not solely for gonadal hormone secretion
1) Estrogen
2) True
88
Follicular phase:
1) What 3 hormones are needed for antrum development?
2) What two hormones are req. for synth. and secretion of estrogen by the follicle?
3) Secreted estrogen inhibits ___[hormone]__and __[hormone]__ (negative feedback).
4) What does estrogen indirectly inhibit? How?
1) Estrogen, FSH, and LH
2) Both LH and FSH
3) hypothalamus and AP (negative feedback)
4) GnRH; acts on upstream regulators
89
Follicular phase:
1) Inhibin acts on the AP to inhibit ___[hormone]__ just as it does in the male
2) Does GnRH inhibition stop the rise of LH?
3) Re #2; why?
1) FSH
2) No; LH continues to rise, despite inhibition of GnRH
3) B/c estrogen alone cannot completely inhibit LH, progesterone is also required
90
LH surge brings about 4 changes in the follicle; what are they? Describe each
1) Halts estrogen synthesis
2) Reinitiates meiosis: by blocking release of oocyte maturation inhibitor.
3) Triggers local prostaglandins: which promote follicular swelling.
4) Causes differentiation of the follicular cells into luteal cells
91
An LH surge is triggered by a ____[pos/neg]____ feedback effect
positive
92
Follicular phase/ ovulation:
1) Moderate levels of estrogen in the early follicular phase inhibit ______; high estrogen peak during late follicular phase activates ____________________ (unique in females).
2) Where are these located?
3) What do these do? Describe the 2 step chain rxn effect it has.
4) How long does this last? When?
1) LH; upstream regulators
2) Antroventral periventricular (AVPV) nucleus of hypothalamus
3) Stimulate GnRH release, which increases LH and FSH, which enhances estrogen further
4) ~ A day at midcycle
93
Luteal phase:
1) What happens to the estrogen secreting follicle? What does this result in?
2) What two hormones does the resulting structure secrete? What effects do these have?
3) What do these two hormones effects inhibit and prevent?
1) Transformed into corpus luteum (luteal cells); doesn't reach the same peaks
1) Progesterone: powerfully inhibits LH
Inhibin: inhibits FSH
2) Inhibit LH and FSH; prevents follicular maturation during the luteal phase
94
1) Corpus luteum degenerates by what?
2) What two hormone levels then fall? What effects are withdrawn?
3) The secretion of what two hormones begins to increase again? What does all of this then cause?
1) Mechanisms not fully understood
2) Estrogen and progesterone; inhibitory effects
3) FSH and LH; another batch of follicles is recruited for development
