More lecture 9 qs

Question 1

Which two things assist in decreased vascular resistance with increased cardiac output?

Answer 1

Capillary recruitment and capillary distention

Question 2

What is the primary reason for the fall in resistance with increased CO?

Answer 2

Capillary recruitment

Question 3

Pleural pressure is more positive at what lung volume, high or low?

Answer 3

Low

Question 4

What causes pulmonary vasoconstriction, high or low oxygen tension? What can this cause?

Answer 4

Low oxygen tension; hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction

Question 5

How does a negative pleural pressure affect vascular resistance?

Answer 5

High vascular resistance

Question 6

Hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction is characterized by what being high and what being low?

Answer 6

High CO2 and low blood pH

Question 7

Generalized hypoxia is most likely seen with what?

Answer 7

Lung disease

Question 8

Regional hypoxia is most likely seen with what?

Answer 8

Blood clots

Question 9

An increase in alveolar ______ enhances filtration.

Answer 9

surface tension

Question 10

What occurs when capillary filtration exceeds fluid removal?

Answer 10

Pulmonary edema

Question 11

Hypoxia causes what in the pulmonary system?

Answer 11

Vasoconstriction

Question 12

Where is ventilation the highest in the lungs?

Answer 12

Apex

Question 13

An anatomic shunt or low regional ventilation/perfusion ratio are both causes of what?

Answer 13

Wasted blood

Question 14

What is the main control of the respiratory center that sends impulses to the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves?

Answer 14

Medulla

Question 15

What keeps the alveoli dry?

Answer 15

Low pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 16

Alveolar ____________________ enhances filtration
Alveolar ____________________ opposes filtration

Answer 16

surface tension; pressure

Question 17

What pressure enhances filtration? (in the lungs)

Answer 17

Hydrostatic

Question 18

What are the muscles of inspiration?

Answer 18

Diaphragm and intercostals

Question 19

Mechanoreceptors (irritant, stretch, J receptors) send info where? Through what nerve?

Answer 19

Medulla and pons; vagus

Question 20

The main control of the respiratory center is what?

Answer 20

Medulla

Question 21

What muscles assist in the active expiration process?

Answer 21

Abdominal

Question 22

What stimulates accessory muscle use and aids in forced breathing?

Answer 22

VRG

Question 23

What stops the DRG from firing allowing for relaxation?

Answer 23

Pneumotaxic centers

Question 24

What controls the depth on inspiration?

Answer 24

Apneustic centers

Question 25

What is also called the inspiratory area?

Answer 25

DRG

Question 26

Which receptor is the slowest?

Answer 26

J receptors/ Juxtapulmonary

Question 27

Where do pulmonary stretch receptors fire to?

Answer 27

Medulla

Question 28

How does the Hering-Breuer Reflex affect heart rate?

Answer 28

Stimulates heart rate to increase

Question 29

What receptors are involved in the Hering-Breuer Reflex?

Answer 29

Pulmonary stretch receptors

Question 30

Which receptors are rapidly adapting?

Answer 30

Irritant

Question 31

What leads to severe bronchoconstriction in asthmatics?

Answer 31

Histamine stimulation of irritant receptors

Question 32

What receptors line the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 32

Irritant

Question 33

What receptors are located both within and outside of the lung?

Answer 33

Stretch

Question 34

When are pulmonary J receptors stimulated? What do they then do?

Answer 34

When fluid volume increases, they stimulate increased respiratory rate

Question 35

What innervates J receptors?

Answer 35

CNX

Question 36

What receptors are adjacent to the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 36

Pulmonary J receptors

Question 37

What two things can activate J receptors?

Answer 37

1) Physical engorgement of the pulmonary capillaries 2) Increased pulmonary interstitial volume

Question 38

What modify the rate and rhythm of respiration maintained by the medulla?

Answer 38

Chemoreceptors

Question 39

What is the most important factor for chemoreceptors?

Answer 39

PCO2

Question 40

A high concentration of what is toxic to cells?

Answer 40

CO2

Question 41

Where are central chemoreceptors?

Answer 41

Brain and brainstem

Question 42

What happens to minute ventilation as PCO2 increases?

Answer 42

It increases

Question 43

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Answer 43

Aortic arch and carotid arteries

Question 44

What is the blood brain barrier permeable to?

Answer 44

CO2

Question 45

List 2 things that the BBB is not permeable to

Answer 45

H+ and HCO3

Question 46

What can influence the pH of CSF?

Answer 46

Blood PCO2

Question 47

What does low CSF pH stimulate?

Answer 47

Respiratory centers in the medulla

Question 48

What muscles are involved in hyperventilation?

Answer 48

Diaphragm and ICMs

Question 49

Both increased and decreased PCO2 lead to what?

Answer 49

Firing of the peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 50

True or false? Changes in tidal volume during slow wave sleep is called cheyne-stokes breathing.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

What 3 things occur during stimulation of the VRG and DRG during exercise?

Answer 51

1) Increased ventilation 2) Increased RR 3) Increased depth

Question 52

What falls and what rises during slow wave sleep?

Answer 52

Minute ventilation falls, PaCO2 rises (small amount)

Question 53

How much of the body’s energy expenditure is used for breathing normally?

Answer 53

3%

Question 54

What can pulmonary fibrosis cause?

Answer 54

Decreased pulmonary compliance

Question 55

What condition increases airway resistance?

Answer 55

COPD

Question 56

What condition decreases elastic recoil?

Answer 56

Emphysema

Question 57

What causes increased work to be needed to establish pressure gradients?

Answer 57

Increased airway resistance (like COPD)

Question 58

What causes more work to be required for increased depth and rate of breathing?

Answer 58

Need for increased ventilation (like exercise)

Question 59

1) What causes more work to expand the lungs? 2) What causes more work to empty the lungs?

Answer 59

1) Decreased pulmonary compliance 2) Decreased elastic recoil