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(PA School Q1) Human Physiology > Practice questions lecture 7 > Flashcards

Practice questions lecture 7 Flashcards

Extra Qs from ppt + cassidy's practice quiz (86 cards)

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1
Q

Which refers to the volume of blood, flow rate or velocity of flow?

A

Flow rate

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2
Q

List triggers for intrinsic metabolic influences on arterioles to step in

A

-Decreased O2
-Increased CO2, increased acid (carbonic acid from CO2, lactic acid from glycolysis)
-Increased K+ (repeated AP’s outpace Na/K pump’s ability to restore ion gradients)
-Increased osmolarity (solutes increased during elevated metabolism)
-Adenosine release (especially in cardiac muscle)

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3
Q

What is histamine and where is it stored?

A

Paracrine stored in connective tissue and in circulating WBCs

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4
Q

What does histamine do to arterioles?

A

Vasodilates them (chemical intrinsic control)

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5
Q

Stretch, stress, and temperature all influence what?

A

Intrinsic control of arterioles

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6
Q

Describe neural control of arterioles

A

NE released from sympathetic nerve endings binds to A1-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle

does not apply to cerebral arterioles

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7
Q

What two types of muscles have powerful local vasodilation mechanisms that allow them to overpower generalized sympathetic vasoconstriction?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscles

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8
Q

The main region of control over arterioles is where?

A

Cardiovascular control center in medulla of brain stem

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9
Q

What is the integration center for blood pressure regulation?

A

Cardiovascular control center in medulla of brain stem

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10
Q

Which binds with both B2 and A1 receptors, norepinephrine or epinephrine?

A

Epinephrine

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11
Q

Which promotes vasodilation, B2 or A1 receptors?

A

B2

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12
Q

What hormone is triggered by the hypothalamus to increase water retention of kidneys, affecting water balance?

A

Vasopressin

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13
Q

What hormone secreted by the kidneys regulates salt balance as part of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

Angiotensin II

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14
Q

True or false: All capillaries have no carrier-mediated systems

A

False; carrier-mediated systems present only in brain capillaries

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle and what tissue have similar capillary permeability?

A

Lung tissue

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16
Q

Ions, glucose, amino acids, but not proteins, can pass through water-filled pores in capillaries where?

A

Lung tissue and skeletal muscle

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17
Q

Where do capillaries allow lipid soluble materials like O2/CO2 to pass through lipid membrane?

A

Lung tissue and skeletal muscle

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18
Q

What capillaries have similar permeability to that of the kidneys?

A

Intestines

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19
Q

Where do capillaries have discontinuous endothelial cells?

A

Liver

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20
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid once it’s inside the lymphatic system

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21
Q

Lymph vessels empty into venous system near blood entering where?

A

right atrium

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22
Q

What is the lymph pump?

A

Smooth muscle of lymph vessels become distended with lymph and forcefully contract

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23
Q

Lymph vessels lie between what muscles?

A

Skeletal

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24
Q

What two things does lymph return to circulation?

A

IF and proteins

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25
What does lymph transport?
Digested fats
26
What do lymph nodes contain?
Phagocytes
27
List the 4 groups of causes of edema (IF accumulation)
1) Reduced concentration of plasma proteins. 2) Abnormally increased capillary wall permeability. 3) Increased venous pressure. 4) Unable to return IF to circulation.
28
True or false: venules have little tone and resistance
True
29
Describe veins
Large radius, little resistance, thin walls, less smooth muscle, stretchable
30
Define venous return
Volume of blood per minute entering each atrium from the veins
31
What two things increase with sympathetic vasoconstriction of veins?
EDV and CO are increased
32
Where are vessels subject to pressure from weight of the overlying column of blood?
Below heart level
33
Paraphrase the 2 ways veins counter gravity
1) Sympathetic vasoconstriction is triggered by decreased MAP when standing up 2) Contractions in skeletal muscle break up blood column
34
How does cardiac suction help venous return?
Atrial pressure is below 0 mmHg during ventricular contraction (suction force) which exerts a vein-to-atria-to-ventricle pressure gradient
35
How does the respiratory pump help with venous return?
Pressure in chest cavity is slightly less than atmospheric pressure, veins in lower limbs have normal pressure, so pressure gradient helps.
36
1) What is the pressure reservoir of the circulatory system? 2) What is the blood reservoir of the circulatory system?
1) Arteries 2) Veins
37
Where is elastin found?
Larger arteries
38
What is the main driving force for propelling blood to the tissues?
MAP
39
What are the two main factors of MAP?
Cardiac output (CO) and TPR
40
How do you calculate MAP?
Diastolic pressure + 1/3rd pulse pressure
41
What two things determine cardiac output (CO)?
Heart rate and stroke volume
42
________________________ increases with increased venous return
Stroke volume
43
What determines how much blood is pumped by the heart?
Blood volume
44
What affects blood volume?
Balance between plasma and IF, salt and water balance, and hormones
45
What affects blood viscosity the most?
RBCs
46
What two things does TPR depend on?
Radii of all arterioles and blood viscosity
47
True or false: Arteriolar radius is intrinsically and extrinsically controlled
True
48
All of the types of short-term regulation of MAP are ultimately adjusting what two factors?
CO and TPR
49
What causes long term adjustments to MAP?
Adjusting salt and water balance via urine output and thirst
50
The baroreceptor reflex involves the carotid sinus and aortic arch (mechanoreceptors) constantly firing AP's, which _____________ in frequency with rising MAP
increase
51
What are sensitive to O2 and CO2 and can influence respiratory activity?
Carotid and aortic artery chemoreceptors
52
What blood pressure reflexes regulate salt/water balance?
Left atrial volume receptors and hypothalamic osmoreceptors
53
What governs cardiovascular responses associated with certain emotions and behaviors like blushing, anger, fear?
Cerebral cortex-hypothalamic pathway
54
Hypothalamic control over _____________________ helps with temperature regulation
cutaneous arteries
55
Constant HTN damages vessels, predisposing to ___________________, which narrows lumens, which increases TPR, which further elevates BP
atherosclerosis
56
What happens when the heart works harder to pump blood against resistance [due to HTN]?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
57
Why does systolic heart failure happen due to HTN?
Heart weakens and becomes unable to pump against elevated pressure
58
HTN can cause: Strokes caused by rupture of ________________ arteries Heart attacks caused by rupture of _______________ arteries
1) cerebral arteries 2) coronary arteries
59
HTN can lead to vessel damage throughout the body that can cause kidney failure and loss of what sense?
Vision
60
Neurally defective vasoconstrictor tone is what type of shock?
Neurogenic
61
When blood pressure falls so low that tissue demands are not met, this is called what?
Circulatory shock
62
Excess vomiting can cause what type of circulatory shock?
Hypovolemic
63
Septic and anaphylactic shock are both what type of circulatory shock?
Vasogenic
64
What two types of shock are due to widespread vasodilation?
Neurogenic and vasogenic
65
What two types of shock are due to decreased cardiac output?
Cardiogenic and hypovolemic
66
If the difference in pressure of blood flow increases, what change to the flow rate of blood would there be?
Increased
67
How is flow rate measured?
Difference in pressure gradient over resistance of blood vessel
68
Difference in pressure gradient over resistance of blood vessel
BP
69
What is the heart’s ventricular pressure during diastole?
0mmHg
70
What measures the average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle?
MAP
71
What is the critical MAP level in which the body cannot sustain for longer than 1 minute before organs are not receiving enough oxygen?
50
72
What two factors are responsible for vascular tone?
1) Sympathetic fibers supplying NE 2) Voltage gated Ca+ channels
73
What is the most well known endothelial vasoactive paracrine?
Nitric oxide
74
When blood flow resumes after a tourniquet is removed, how does it relate to its baseline blood flow?
Faster
75
What two things trigger histamine release?
Tissue injury Allergic rxns
76
What are 3 roles of sympathetic fibers as part of extrinsic arteriole control?
1) Controlling MAP by adjusting peripheral resistance in the body 2) Promote vasoconstriction 3) Norepinephrine binding to A1-adrenergic receptors on smooth m.
77
Where is the main region for cardiovascular control in the brain?
Medulla
78
Within the adrenal medulla for hormonal extrinsic control of arterioles, _____ combines with A1 receptors for vasoconstriction
NE
79
What is the speed with which blood flows through a given circulatory segment?
Velocity of flow
80
Where do capillaries have the largest fenestrations and gaps in their endothelial cells?
Liver
81
Where do lymph vessels empty into?
Venous system near right atrium
82
________ concentration of plasma proteins is a reason for edema/ excess interstitial fluid accumulation.
Reduced
83
What vessel has a large radium, little resistance, and thin walls with less smooth muscle?
Veins
84
What is venous blood pressure normally at?
17mmHg
85
Pressure in the chest cavity is _____________ than atmospheric pressure.
slightly less
86

(PA School Q1) Human Physiology (35 decks)

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