More lecture 8 qs

Question 1

What function does cartilage have in the conducting zone?

Answer 1

Prevent collapse

Question 2

Where is the majority of pulmonary circulation (gas exchange) occurring?

Answer 2

Alveolar surface area

Question 3

How many layers of type 1 alveolar cells make up the alveolar sacs?

Answer 3

1

Question 4

What happens to our number of alveoli, alveolar surface area, and skin surface area as we age?

Answer 4

Increases

Question 5

Which of the following are respiratory muscles?:
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoids
Diaphragm
Intercostals

Answer 5

All

Question 6

What law states that barometric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gasses?

Answer 6

Dalton’s law

Question 7

Which law states that the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies?

Answer 7

Boyle’s law

Question 8

What are the two main functions of pressure within the lung?

Answer 8

Prevent airway collapse
Prevent lung collapse

Question 9

Transmural pressure/ Transpulmonary pressure is the difference of what?

Answer 9

Alveolar pressure - pleural pressure

Question 10

What does the diaphragm do during expiration?

Answer 10

Moves up

Question 11

What is the maximum lung capacity?

Answer 11

4200-5700mL

Question 12

What is described as air exchanged during a single breath?

Answer 12

Tidal volume

Question 13

How would FEV1 change in someone with COPD compared to a normal baseline?

Answer 13

Lower

Question 14

FEv1 is usually what percent of vital capacity?

Answer 14

80%

Question 15

What does FEv1 indicate?

Answer 15

Maximal airflow rate

Question 16

What’s the difference between RV and FRC? (functional residual capacity)

Answer 16

FRC is volume of air remaining after normal expiration (ERV + RV), RV is ) minimum air remaining after maximum expiration (1200mL)

Question 17

Extra volume that can be expired after normal expiration (1000mL) is called what?

Answer 17

ERV

Question 18

What is IRV + TV?

Answer 18

Inspiratory capacity (IC) ; maximum amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration

Question 19

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration (IRV + TV + ERV) is called what?

Answer 19

Vital capacity (VC)

Question 20

The maximum volume that lungs can hold (vital capacity + residual volume = 5700mL) is called what?

Answer 20

Total lung capacity (TC)

Question 21

Tidal volume x respiratory rate = what?

Answer 21

Pulmonary ventilation

Question 22

Of the 500mL inspired, how much of that remains in the airways as dead space?

Answer 22

150mL

Question 23

During expiration, some of the air remains in the airways. Why?

Answer 23

So airways don’t collapse

Question 24

What is equal to the (tidal volume minus the dead space volume) x the respiratory rate?

Answer 24

Alveolar ventilation

Question 25

What causes a fall in PaCO2?

Answer 25

Hyperventilation

Question 26

List the 3 basic components of the elastic properties of the lungs

Answer 26

Elastic recoil Distensibility Stiffness

Question 27

What 3 things effect lung compliance?

Answer 27

Lung size Lung volume Surface tension inside the alveoli

Question 28

COPD is an example of what kind of lung compliance?

Answer 28

Low

Question 29

What type of COPD is caused by alveolar destruction from chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritants?

Answer 29

Emphysema

Question 30

What type of COPD is from long term inflammation of lower airways from smoking, pollution, and allergens and causes prolonged thickening of airways, mucus overproduction, and infrequent infections?

Answer 30

Chronic bronchitis

Question 31

What are the 3 jobs of pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 31

1) Intersperses water molecules and lower alveolar surface tension to increase pulmonary compliance 2) Reduce recoil 3) Stabilize alveoli

Question 32

The primary determinant of resistance is airway _________.

Answer 32

radius

Question 33

What is the major site of airway resistance for decreasing airflow?

Answer 33

Bronchi

Question 34

What two things stimulate B2 adrenergic receptors to cause dilation of the airway, altering its patency?

Answer 34

Epinephrine Isopropanol

Question 35

Higher altitude leads to ______ gas exchange of O2 due to lower amount of pressure in the atmosphere.

Answer 35

lower

Question 36

What law states that the rate of gas diffusion is inversely related to membrane thickness and directly proportional to surface area?

Answer 36

Fick’s law

Question 37

What does CO2 mostly bind to?

Answer 37

Bicarbonate (30% bound to Hgb, 60% as bicarb, 10% dissolved)

Question 38

When are smaller airways dilated? What does this mean?

Answer 38

When thorax is expanded; this means resistance during inspiration is lower than expiration

Question 39

What flow is the major determinant in transferring oxygen from the alveoli to the blood?

Answer 39

Pulmonary capillary blood flow

Question 40

What is the main factor for Hgb saturation?

Answer 40

Partial gradient

Question 41

The measure of extent to which Hgb is combined with O2 is called what?

Answer 41

Hgb saturation

Question 42

The statement "if the concentration of one substance in a reversible action is decreased, the reaction is driven in the opposite direction" is a part of what?

Answer 42

Law of mass action

Question 43

If surrounding blood is low in O2, oxyhemoglobin will dissociate into what?

Answer 43

Hemoglobin and oxygen

Question 44

If surrounding blood is high in O2 (like in pulmonary capillaries), O2 will combine with hemoglobin into what?

Answer 44

oxyhemoglobin

Question 45

The O2-Hgb dissociation (or saturation) curve is the relationship between what?

Answer 45

Partial gradient of O2 and Hgb saturation

Question 46

What does the steep portion of the O2-Hgb dissociation curve represent?

Answer 46

O2 unloaded at systemic capillaries

Question 47

What does the plateau portion of the O2-Hgb dissociation curve represent?

Answer 47

O2 loaded onto Hgb at pulmonary capillaries

Question 48

A respiratory malfunction or high altitude/suffocating environment causes what?

Answer 48

Hypoxic hypoxia

Question 49

What poison causes histotoxic hypoxia?

Answer 49

Cyanide

Question 50

Define hypercapnia

Answer 50

Too much CO2

Question 51

List 4 factors that can affect Hgb saturation and cause less oxygen to be bound to it

Answer 51

CO2 Acidity Temperature 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

Question 52

What production increases when Hgb is chronically undersaturated>

Answer 52

BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate)