Practice lecture #1 questions

Question 1

The process in which change is promoted is called a __________.

Answer 1

positive feedback loop

Question 2

A Negative feedback loop, such as shivering when cold, promotes _______.

Answer 2

Stability

Question 3

__________ help the body recognize their own cells. This is also how blood typing is performed.

Answer 3

Carbohydrates

Question 4

What process promotes salivation when you are anticipating eating food?

Answer 4

Feedforward control

Question 5

The Sodium/ Potassium pump is an example of what?

Answer 5

Equilibrium

Question 6

True or False: The phospholipid bilayer is oriented with __________ heads encasing _________tails.

Answer 6

hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails

Question 7

An abnormal amount of surface glycoprotein/ lipid markers, that restrict cell overgrowth and regulate cell density, could point to __________.

Answer 7

cancer

Question 8

_________ is more concentrated outside of the cell while, __________ is more concentrated inside of the cell.

Answer 8

Sodium, Potassium

Question 9

What are 3 solutes that are more concentrated inside of the cell?

Answer 9

Potassium, Magnesium, and Protein.

Question 10

True or false: osmolality is the same inside and outside the cell

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Is pH higher or lower inside the cell than outside?

Answer 11

Lower (7.2 vs 7.4)

Question 12

______ law states that substances move from high concentration to a low concentration.

Answer 12

Fick’s

Question 13

True or false: Ligand gated channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential.

Answer 13

False; that’s voltage-gated channels

Question 14

Neurotransmitters use what kind of channels?

Answer 14

Ligand gated

Question 15

True or false: Ligand gated channels produce a conformational change in the protein.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What are only open on one side of the membrane at a time and involves a change in the protein?

Answer 16

Carrier-Mediated transport channels

Question 17

There are ___ binding sites for Na+ and ____ binding sites for K+ during carrier protein transport of the Na+/K+ pump.

Answer 17

3; 2

Question 18

True or False: Glucose “hitches a ride” with sodium down its concentration gradient during secondary active transport of the Na+/K+ pump, in which no energy is needed.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Cells are _________ polarized on the inside compared to the outside

Answer 19

negatively

Question 20

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 20

Steals energy from an ion moving down its concentration gradient during primary active transport, doesn’t require more energy

Question 21

Symports and antiports are a feature of what process?

Answer 21

Secondary active transport

Question 22

True or false: Na+ has more leak channels for passive transport than K+. Explain your answer

Answer 22

False; K+ has many more leak channels for passive transport than Na+.

Question 23

Passive leaking of K+ is resisted by ___________ in the cell that are __________ charged.

Answer 23

nonpermeable proteins; negatively

Question 24

The principal anion of the ECF that transports mostly via passive diffusion is what?

Answer 24

Cl-

Question 25

The Nerst equation calculates _________, while the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation calculates _____________.

Answer 25

Equilibrium potential, Membrane potential

Question 26

True or false: The electrochemical gradient = electrical gradient + concentration gradient.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The osmolality of the ______ regulates cell volume.

Answer 27

ECF

Question 28

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, you can expect the cell volume to _______.

Answer 28

increase

Question 29

What 3 things does apoptosis play a key role in?

Answer 29

Embryonic development, tissue turnover, and the immune system

Question 30

In cystic fibrosis, defective CFTR gets stuck in the ________, and the plasma membrane becomes impermeable to __________.

Answer 30

ER-Golgi system; chloride

Question 31

_____________________ therapy is driven by solute transport

Answer 31

Oral rehydration

Question 32

The doomsday trigger of cells is what?

Answer 32

Cytochrome c (component of electron transport system)

Question 33

What organelle plays a key role in apoptosis?

Answer 33

Mitochondria

Question 34

The nucleus is surrounded by a ______________________ and contains the nucleolus, which contains _____ chromosomes

Answer 34

nuclear envelope; 46 chromosomes

Question 35

The 3 types of RNA are?

Answer 35

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 36

_______________ is the most common fatal genetic disorder and affects the pancreas and lungs

Answer 36

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

Question 37

List the 3 parts of cellular respiration

Answer 37

1) Glycolysis 2) The the citric acid cycle (aka The Krebs cycle) 3) Oxidative phosphorylation (aka the electron transport chain)

Question 38

What phase of cellular respiration does not require directly require oxygen?

Answer 38

Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

Question 39

O2 is required for __________ to enter the Krebs cycle

Answer 39

pyruvate

Question 40

During aerobic, low intensity exercise these types of cellular respiration occur

Answer 40

Oxidative phosphorylation and citric acid cycle

Question 41

During anaerobic exercise, _____________ is used

Answer 41

glycolysis

Question 42

Oxidative Phosphorylation yields ____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule

Answer 42

28

Question 43

A woman who smokes while pregnant with a daughter induces epigenetic changes in how many generations? Explain

Answer 43

3 (herself, her daughter, and her daughter's children)

Question 44

Epigenetics is the study of ______________ induced modifications to gene activity

Answer 44

environmentally

Question 45

True or false: in epigenetics DNA is altered

Answer 45

False