Practice lecture 3 questions

Question 1

What causes a runners high?

Answer 1

The analgesic system’s release of enkphalin

Question 2

What are the 3 parts of the analgesic system? Is it ascending or descending?

Answer 2

Periaqueductal gray matter, medulla, and reticular formation; descending

Question 3

Tissue damage releases ______ which enhances pain by lowering the activation threshold of nociceptors.

Answer 3

prostaglandins

Question 4

Mechanical and thermal receptors use which type of pain fiber to reach the CNS?

Answer 4

A-delta fibers

Question 5

Glutamate binding with _______receptors ultimately transmits pain signals, while when glutamate binds with ________ receptors the injured area is more sensitized.

Answer 5

AMPA transmits, NMDA sensitizes

Question 6

What consists of a two-neuron efferent pathway?

Answer 6

The ANS

Question 7

What organs are not affected by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 7

Liver’s glycogen stores, Adipose cells, sweat glands, adrenal medulla, and brain activity

Question 8

__________ receptors are nicotinic and muscarinic, while __________ receptors are Alpha 1 & 2 and Beta 1 & 2.

Answer 8

Cholinergic, Adrenergic

Question 9

Penis and clitoris blood vessels receive what kind of innervation?

Answer 9

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic (unlike all other blood vessels)

Question 10

Mucous-y and thick saliva is a result of what part of the ANS?

Answer 10

Sympathetic

Question 11

Watery and enzyme-rich saliva is a result of what part of the ANS?

Answer 11

Parasympathetic

Question 12

In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic cell body releases Ach to postsynaptic cell body’s ___________ receptors, which then releases NE to ________ and_________ receptors on effector organ.

Answer 12

nicotinic; A1, A2, and B1, B2

Question 13

In the parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic fibers release Ach to the postsynaptic body’s nicotinic receptors, which then release ________ to ________ receptors

Answer 13

Ach to muscarinic receptors

Question 14

True or False? Muscarinic receptors are on the postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia.

Answer 14

False; nicotinic receptors are

Question 15

A1 receptors are found on most __________ tissues and have a ____________ response. They respond to the neurotransmitter ______________.

Answer 15

sympathetic; excitatory; norepinephrine

Question 16

What receptors are found in digestive tissues and have an inhibitory response?

Answer 16

A2

Question 17

Metoprolol is an example of an ______, since it blocks the production of a response in a receptor by decreasing blood pressure, heart rate, and force of heart contractions.

Answer 17

antagonist

Question 18

Alpha receptors have an affinity for what NT?

Answer 18

Norepinephrine (over epinephrine)

Question 19

What receptors are only found in the heart and kidneys?

Answer 19

B1 adrenergic receptors

Question 20

What type of receptors only bind with epinephrine?

Answer 20

B2

Question 21

What type of receptor has an equal affinity for NE and E?

Answer 21

B1

Question 22

Which has an inhibitory response, B1 or B2 receptors?

Answer 22

B2

Question 23

What type of receptors are found in the smooth muscles of arterioles and bronchioles?

Answer 23

B2

Question 24

What binds to an NT’s receptor and causes same response the NT would?

Answer 24

Agonists

Question 25

What medication actives B2 adrenergic receptors, dilating bronchioles in asthma without stimulating the heart excessively?

Answer 25

Albuterol

Question 26

What receptors does metoprolol block in order to decrease blood pressure by decreasing heart rate and force without affecting bronchioles?

Answer 26

B1 adrenergic receptors

Question 27

Give 3 examples of spinal-cord integration (autonomic reflexes)

Answer 27

Urination, defecation, erection

Question 28

What controls cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive autonomic activity?

Answer 28

Medulla of brainstem

Question 29

Emotional expression, such as blushing when embarrassed, comes from which portion of the brain?

Answer 29

Prefrontal association cortex

Question 30

True or False? Subconscious activity such as walking, posture, and balance are part of the somatic system and under voluntary control.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

True or false: Unlike two-neuron chain of the autonomic fibers, the axons of motor neurons continue to their endings on skeletal muscle

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What do the axons of motor neurons release?

Answer 32

Ach

Question 33

True or false: The only way the CNS can influence skeletal muscle is by acting on motor neurons

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or false: motor neurons only receive excitatory presynaptic inputs

Answer 34

False; both excitatory and inhibitory

Question 35

Nerves and __________ cells do not come into direct contact

Answer 35

muscle

Question 36

True or false: the somatic nervous system does not use electrical transmission to control muscles

Answer 36

True; gap between neuron and muscle is too large, uses NTs instead

Question 37

What triggers the release of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 37

Calcium

Question 38

List the steps between a neuron's action potential and a muscle fiber contracting (6 steps)

Answer 38

1) Action potential triggers opening of calcium channels in neuron 2) Calcium triggers Ach to be released by neuron 3) Ach binds to nicotinic receptors of muscle membrane 4) Triggers channels to open and an influx of Na+ 5) Causing depolarization 6) Depolarization spreads throughout muscle fiber, muscle contracts

Question 39

True or false: for a muscle contraction, an action potential triggers opening of voltage-gated calcium channels in only some of the terminal buttons of a motor neuron

Answer 39

False; triggers opening of Ca channels in all terminal buttons

Question 40

What provides feedback for motor control?

Answer 40

Afferent muscle innervation

Question 41

LMNs are found in the _________ horns of the spinal cord

Answer 41

ventral

Question 42

The knee-jerk reflex when the patella is hit is an example of a ___________ _____________reflex

Answer 42

myotatic (muscle stretch) spinal reflex

Question 43

The two types of spinal reflexes are myotatic and ______________________

Answer 43

flexor withdrawal

Question 44

List the 5 tracts of the CNS where you can find upper motor neurons

Answer 44

1) Corticospinal 2) Corticobulbar 3) Rubiospinal 4) Vestibulospinal 5) Reticulospinal tracts

Question 45

Position and movements of the head is part of the ______________ tract and innervates __[direction]____from the brain stem.

Answer 45

Vestibulospinal; ipsilateral

Question 46

What tract mainly controls the upper limbs and descends on the contralateral side?

Answer 46

Rubrospinal tract

Question 47

What descending motor tract controls reflexes, truck/limb muscles, and posture control?

Answer 47

Reticulospinal

Question 48

The pons and medulla influence what descending motor tract?

Answer 48

Vestibulospinal

Question 49

What descending motor tract has both ipsilateral and contralateral control?

Answer 49

Reticulospinal

Question 50

What areas of the brain influence the rubrospinal tract?

Answer 50

Red nucleus receives input from cerebellum and cerebral motor areas

Question 51

Injuries to what two areas can produce upper motor neuron sign?

Answer 51

Motor cortex or corticospinal tract

Question 52

What helps control rhythmic things like chewing gum or walking?

Answer 52

Central generator programs

Question 53

The ___________ is the origin of descending tracts that influence posture and movement

Answer 53

brainstem

Question 54

Define decerebrate posturing

Answer 54

Rigid extension

Question 55

Define decorticate posturing

Answer 55

Abnormally flexed

Question 56

When you're actively wanting to move: 1) What part of your brain says "I want to get over there, how do I move there?" 2) What area organizes patterns of movements? 3) What area executes the act of moving? 4) What area keeps you from tripping over stuff while walking and knows when to stop walking?

Answer 56

1) Prefrontal cortex: plans movement 2) Premotor cortex: organizes 3) Primary motor cortex: executes 4) Posterior parietal: stops

Question 57

Where is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 57

Frontal lobe in the precentral gyrus

Question 58

What part of the brain involved in movement has somatotopic organization/ homunculus?

Answer 58

Primary motor cortex

Question 59

What is the tract that is involved in rapid, skilled, discrete movements of the hands and descends down the contralateral side?

Answer 59

Corticospinal tract

Question 60

What is the primary efferent tract from the cortex?

Answer 60

Corticospinal tract

Question 61

Besides the prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex, what aids in the preparation and initiation of movement?

Answer 61

The basal ganglia (and cerebrocerebellum)

Question 62

What part of the cerebellum is involved in maintaining balance and eye movements?

Answer 62

Vestibulocerebellum

Question 63

What part of the cerebellum coordinates complex voluntary movements?

Answer 63

Spinocerebellum

Question 64

Planning and coordination of movement input to the cortical motor areas comes from which division of the cerebellum?

Answer 64

Cerebrocerebellar

Question 65

If you have nystagmus, what part of the cerebellum isn't working?

Answer 65

Vestibulocerebellum

Question 66

The intrinsic circuitry of the cerebellum is regulated by what type of cell and neurotransmitter? Is this excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 66

Purkinje cells, which use GABA and are inhibitory

Question 67

Give 6 potential consequences of cerebellar lesions

Answer 67

1) Hypotonia: muscle flaccidity 2) Dysdiadochokinesia: rapid alternating movements 3) Dysarthria: Garbled speech 4) Intention tremor 5) Decrease in motor learning 6) Ataxia in general

Question 68

True or false: The cerebellum is only involved in movement

Answer 68

False; many other roles including working memory, learning, emotion, addiction, pain, etc.

Question 69

What does poliovirus destroy?

Answer 69

Cell bodies of motor neurons

Question 70

What disorder causes degeneration of motor neurons, which keeps them from being able to contract?

Answer 70

ALS

Question 71

What can cause explosive release of ACh at all cholinergic sites, causing muscles to be unable to relax?

Answer 71

Black widow venom

Question 72

What blocks ACh release from motor neuron terminal buttons, keeping muscles from responding to nerve impulses?

Answer 72

Botulinum toxin