Lecture 15 Endocrine system

Question 1

What links the CNS to the endocrine system?

Answer 1

hypothalamus

Question 2

What does the posterior pituitary gland release?

Answer 2

Oxytocin and ADH

Question 3

What does the anterior pituitary release?

Answer 3

Growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin

Question 4

What does ACTH do?

Answer 4

Adreno-corticotrophic hormone (stimulates production & release of cortisol)

Question 5

What causes hyperpituitarism?

Answer 5

Adenoma (most common an anterior lobe) (prolactinoma)

Question 6

Types of pituitary adenoma?

Answer 6

Macrodenomas (>1cm), Microadenomas (

Question 7

What syndrome can ACTH cause?

Answer 7

Cushing’s disease

Question 8

What syndrome can growth hormone cause?

Answer 8

Gigantism (children) and acromegaly (adults)

Question 9

What syndrome can prolactin cause?

Answer 9

Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, sexual gysfunction and infertility

Question 10

What syndrome can TSH cause?

Answer 10

Hyperthyroidism

Question 11

What syndrome can FSH and LH cause?

Answer 11

Hypogonadism, mass effects/hypopituitarism

Question 12

What is hypopituitarism?

Answer 12

When 75% or more of the anterior pituitary parenchyma is lost

Question 13

What causes hypopituitarism?

Answer 13

Sheehan’s syndrome (ischemic necrosis). Non-functioning adenomas, surgery/irradiation, inflam lesions.

Question 14

What is the optic chasm?

Answer 14

Part of the brain where optic nerves (CNII) partially cross

Question 15

In regards to thyroid, what does the hypothalamus release?

Answer 15

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) -> anterior pituitary -> TSH

Question 16

What are the thyroid hormones?

Answer 16

T3 and T4

Question 17

What do thyroid hormones do?

Answer 17

^metabolism, growth, development and ^ catecholamine effect (dopamine)

Question 18

What causes hyperthyroidism?

Answer 18

Too much thyroxine (T4), De Quervain’s thyroiditis, toxic multimode goiter, graves disease.

Question 19

Define goiter

Answer 19

enlarged thyroid gland (swollen neck)

Question 20

What is Grave’s disease?

Answer 20

Autoimmune disease, same effect as TSH -> unregulated overproduction of thyroid hormones. (no TSH = no neg feedback)

Question 21

What are the main symptoms of graves disease?

Answer 21

Heat intolerance, blushing, tachy, ^SBP, tremors, local oedema, diarrhea, finger clubbing, weight loss, muscle wasting.

Question 22

Hyperthyroid treatment?

Answer 22

Carbimazole or thyroidectomy

Question 23

What causes hypothyroidism?

Answer 23

Iodine deficiency, hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 24

What is hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 24

Chronic inflam -> thyroid failure. Autoimmune.

Question 25

Who is hashimoto's thyroiditis most common to?

Answer 25

Women. 45-60.

Question 26

Hypothyroidism treatment?

Answer 26

Thyroxine

Question 27

What is a papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 27

a non-functional tumour

Question 28

What do the parathyroid glands do?

Answer 28

regulate blood calcium levels.

Question 29

What are the causes of hypoparathryroidism?

Answer 29

Thyroidectomy, congenital, hereditary (autoimmune)

Question 30

What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 30

Low calcium so irritability, seizures, tetany.

Question 31

What causes primary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 31

Adenoma

Question 32

What causes secondary hyperthyroidism?

Answer 32

Chronic renal failure

Question 33

What causes tertiary hyperthyroidism?

Answer 33

Post renal transplant

Question 34

How do parathyroid glands increase blood Ca2+?

Answer 34

Ca2+ reabsorption from bones, intestines and kidneys. Vit D hydroxylation in kidneys

Question 35

What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Answer 35

Seizures, constipation, depression, polyuria, muscle wasting, bone # and kidney stones

Question 36

Process of adrenal cortex being stimulated?

Answer 36

Hypothalamus -> CRH -> Pituitary -> ACTH -> Adrenal cortex

Question 37

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex called and function?

Answer 37

Zona Reticularis (sex hormones) Zona Fasciculata (Cortisol - glucocorticoids) and Zona Glomerulosa (Aldosterone - mineralocort)

Question 38

What does the middle of the adrenal cortex release?

Answer 38

Catecholamines | adrenaline/noradrenaline

Question 39

What is the middle of the adrenal cortex called?

Answer 39

Adrenal medulla

Question 40

What causes hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 40

Primary - Conn's disease in >50% | Secondary - ^renin

Question 41

Symptoms of Conn's disease

Answer 41

Oedema, low K+, ^ Na+ and hypertension

Question 42

What does renin do?

Answer 42

promotes protein angiotensin production

Question 43

What does angiotensin do?

Answer 43

^ aldosterone secretion and ^BP

Question 44

When/why is cortisol release?

Answer 44

When stressed, ^ glucose in blood.

Question 45

Why would someone get Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 45

Excess release of cortisol

Question 46

What causes Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 46

ACTH releasing tumour and steroids.

Question 47

What are the common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 47

Moon face, baffalo hump, osteoporosis, obesity, abdominal striae, weak muscles, thin skin and skin ulcers (poor healing)

Question 48

What is addison's disease?

Answer 48

Adrenal insufficiency

Question 49

What causes addison's disease?

Answer 49

Autoimmune, infection, neoplasms.

Question 50

What are the symptoms of addison's disease?

Answer 50

Diarrhoea, N/V, anorexia, weight loss, low Na+ (all due to low aldosterone). Hyperpigmentation&K+

Question 51

What are gonadocorticoids?

Answer 51

Sex hormones (testosterone, oestrogens) secreted from gonads

Question 52

What does adrenaline and noradrenaline control?

Answer 52

HR, BP & metabolism

Question 53

What is phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 53

tumour of adrenal gland -> ^ adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 54

Symptoms of phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 54

Hypertension, sweating, palpitations, nervousness, ^metabolic rate, rapid HR

Question 55

What is multipleendocrine neoplasia (MEN)

Answer 55

Group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative of lesions of multiple multiple endocrine organs)