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Pathology > Lecture 17 Female genital tract > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Female genital tract Flashcards

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1
Q

Define post-coital

A

During or post sex

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2
Q

Define post-coital

A

During or post sex

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3
Q

What is a smear test?

A

Cervical screening, view cervix and take samples. Every 3 years from 25-49yo, 5 years from 49-64yo. After 64 only screen if never screened. Done in GP.

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4
Q

Define colposcopy

A

procedure to closely examine cervix

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5
Q

How is the human papilloma virus transmitted?

A

Sexual contact. Increase risk with increased sexual partners

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6
Q

HPV is thought to be the main cause of?

A

CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia) thus cancer.

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7
Q

What can HPV cause?

A

warts/verrucas (low risk) or cervical cancer (high risk)

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8
Q

Who gets the HPV vaccination and why?

A

girls aged 12-13, offering protection against infection strains associated with 70% of cervical cancers

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9
Q

Define CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasm)

A

Microscopic lesion that affects the cervix that could potentially develop into cervical cancer if left untreated

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical carcinoma?

A

HPV, smoking, nonattendance to CSP.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical carcinoma?

A

Abnormal discharge and bleeding

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12
Q

On examination how does the cervix look with cervical carcinoma?

A

Normal

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13
Q

What does the treatment of cervical ccarcinoma depend on?

A

Stage, local excision or radical hysterectomy +/- chemo

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14
Q

what are the 5 year survival rates for Ia stages of cervical carcinoma?

A

95-99%

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15
Q

What are the 5 year survival rates for late stages of cervical carcinoma?

A
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16
Q

What are endocervical polyps? What are symptoms and treatment?

A

Benign lesions, irregular vaginal bleeding ‘spotting’. Can be removed at hysteroscopy.

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17
Q

Define menorrhagia

A

Heavy periods >80ml blood loss. Very common 1 in 20 consult gp a year, costs £7 million in prescriptions.

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18
Q

What can cause menorrhagia?

A

DUB (50%), fibroids, endometriosis, polyps.

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19
Q

What are the treatments for menorrhagia?

A

Mirena coil, mefanamic and tranexamic acid, COCP, Depo provera, endometrial ablation, hysterectomy

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20
Q

What is tranexamic acid used for?

A

Prevent excessive blood loss from trauma

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21
Q

What is another word for fibroids? What is it?

A

Leiomyomas. Common benign tumours of muscular fibrosis tissues.

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22
Q

What problem can have the symptoms heavy, painful periods, pelvic pain, distension

A

Fibroids

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23
Q

What condition can be asymptomatic and a major cause for infertility? / what could symptoms be?

A

Endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding

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24
Q

Define endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue in the wrong location. Common benign condition.

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25
What are the symptoms of endometriosis?
Heavy/painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex.
26
What are the treatment options for endometriosis?
COCP, Mirena, Zoladex , surgery
27
What is Zoladex?
Man made hormone, overstimulates body's own hormone production -> Xproduction temp
28
What is endometrial cancer?
Cancer of the lining of the uterus
29
Symptoms of endometrial cancer?
Bleeding post-menopause so detected early.
30
Risk factors for endometrial cancer?
Nulliparity, high BMI, HRT, late menopause, oestrogen exposure.
31
How is endometrial cancer diagonsed?
Biopsy - pipelle (deviced used) othysteroscopy
32
Endometrial cancer treatment and survival rate?
TAH, BSO. Overall 20 year survival rate 80%
33
What is TAH?
Total abdo histerectomy
34
What is BSO?
Bilateral Salpingo oophonectomy (removal of women's entire reproductive tract)
35
Notes on follicular cysts?
Benign, very common, less than 6cm, often asymptomatic - no treatment needed
36
Notes on cystadenomas
Can be large fluid filled cysts, symptoms caused by pressure effect
37
Notes on benign mature Teratomas
Large cysts filled with solid substances
38
Polycystic ovarian syndrome. Symptoms, treatments, complications
Common, major cause of infertility. irregularbleeds, no periods, infertility. COCP, metformin, clomifene. ^CV & T2DM risks
39
Benign ovarian tumours normally occur at what age?
20-45
40
Malignant ovarian tumours normally occur at what age?
>45
41
Ovarian cancer notes
Often asymptomatic, present late when already spread. Poorer prognosis than endometrial cancer
42
What is a miscarriage?
Loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks, 15% of pregnancies, often no cause.
43
Classifications of miscarriages?
Threatened, inevitable, incomplete and missed
44
Risk factors of pregnancies?
^ age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders and diabetes
45
Treatment options for miscarriages?
Conservative, misoprostol, vaccum suction under GA
46
Notes on ectopic pregnancies
Usually fallopian tube, 1% of pregnancies, can occur before period missed, ?emergency as rupture of pregnancy has ^mortality.
47
What levels are raised with ectopic pregnancies?
Beta-HCG levels on blood testing
48
What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancies?
PID, coil, IVF, previous ecctopic or pelvic surgery
49
What is a smear test?
Cervical screening, view cervix and take samples. Every 3 years from 25-49yo, 5 years from 49-64yo. After 64 only screen if never screened. Done in GP.
50
Define colposcopy
procedure to closely examine cervix
51
How is the human papilloma virus transmitted?
Sexual contact. Increase risk with increased sexual partners
52
HPV is thought to be the main cause of?
CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia) thus cancer.
53
What can HPV cause?
warts/verrucas (low risk) or cervical cancer (high risk)
54
Who gets the HPV vaccination and why?
girls aged 12-13, offering protection against infection strains associated with 70% of cervical cancers
55
Define CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasm)
Microscopic lesion that affects the cervix that could potentially develop into cervical cancer if left untreated
56
What are the risk factors for cervical carcinoma?
HPV, smoking, nonattendance to CSP.
57
What are the symptoms of cervical carcinoma?
Abnormal discharge and bleeding
58
On examination how does the cervix look with cervical carcinoma?
Normal
59
What does the treatment of cervical ccarcinoma depend on?
Stage, local excision or radical hysterectomy +/- chemo
60
what are the 5 year survival rates for Ia stages of cervical carcinoma?
95-99%
61
What are the 5 year survival rates for late stages of cervical carcinoma?
less than 20%
62
What are endocervical polyps? What are symptoms and treatment?
Benign lesions, irregular vaginal bleeding 'spotting'. Can be removed at hysteroscopy.
63
Define menorrhagia
Heavy periods >80ml blood loss. Very common 1 in 20 consult gp a year, costs £7 million in prescriptions.
64
What can cause menorrhagia?
DUB (50%), fibroids, endometriosis, polyps.
65
What are the treatments for menorrhagia?
Mirena coil, mefanamic and tranexamic acid, COCP, Depo provera, endometrial ablation, hysterectomy
66
What is tranexamic acid used for?
Prevent excessive blood loss from trauma
67
What is another word for fibroids? What is it?
Leiomyomas. Common benign tumours of muscular fibrosis tissues.
68
What problem can have the symptoms heavy, painful periods, pelvic pain, distension
Fibroids
69
What condition can be asymptomatic and a major cause for infertility? / what could symptoms be?
Endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding
70
Define endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue in the wrong location. Common benign condition.
71
What are the symptoms of endometriosis?
Heavy/painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex.
72
What are the treatment options for endometriosis?
COCP, Mirena, Zoladex , surgery
73
What is Zoladex?
Man made hormone, overstimulates body's own hormone production -> Xproduction temp
74
What is endometrial cancer?
Cancer of the lining of the uterus
75
Symptoms of endometrial cancer?
Bleeding post-menopause so detected early.
76
Risk factors for endometrial cancer?
Nulliparity, high BMI, HRT, late menopause, oestrogen exposure.
77
How is endometrial cancer diagonsed?
Biopsy - pipelle (deviced used) othysteroscopy
78
Endometrial cancer treatment and survival rate?
TAH, BSO. Overall 20 year survival rate 80%
79
What is TAH?
Total abdo histerectomy
80
What is BSO?
Bilateral Salpingo oophonectomy (removal of women's entire reproductive tract)
81
Notes on follicular cysts?
Benign, very common, less than 6cm, often asymptomatic - no treatment needed
82
Notes on cystadenomas
Can be large fluid filled cysts, symptoms caused by pressure effect
83
Notes on benign mature Teratomas
Large cysts filled with solid substances
84
Polycystic ovarian syndrome. Symptoms, treatments, complications
Common, major cause of infertility. irregularbleeds, no periods, infertility. COCP, metformin, clomifene. ^CV & T2DM risks
85
Benign ovarian tumours normally occur at what age?
20-45
86
Malignant ovarian tumours normally occur at what age?
>45
87
Ovarian cancer notes
Often asymptomatic, present late when already spread. Poorer prognosis than endometrial cancer
88
What is a miscarriage?
Loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks, 15% of pregnancies, often no cause.
89
Classifications of miscarriages?
Threatened, inevitable, incomplete and missed
90
Risk factors of pregnancies?
^ age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders and diabetes
91
Treatment options for miscarriages?
Conservative, misoprostol, vaccum suction under GA
92
Notes on ectopic pregnancies
Usually fallopian tube, 1% of pregnancies, can occur before period missed, ?emergency as rupture of pregnancy has ^mortality.
93
What levels are raised with ectopic pregnancies?
Beta-HCG levels on blood testing
94
What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancies?
PID, coil, IVF, previous ecctopic or pelvic surgery

Pathology (25 decks)

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