Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Lecture 5 Immunity and disease > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Immunity and disease Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is immunity?

A

Protection/defence against infections. Bacteria, virus, fungi, toxins, cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does immune system do? (3)

A

Distinguishes self from non-self molecules. Activates mechanisms to either eliminate or neutralise threat. Innate and adaptive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define innate immunity?

A

Defence mechanisms present before infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of innate immunity?

A

Skin, mucus membranes, phagocytic cells, inflam, fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What phagocytic cells are in the innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the time frame for the innate immunity?

A

0-12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Complement and NK cells are in which immunity?

A

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the adaptive immune response entail?

A

Cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cells are involved in the adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphocytes and T tymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do B lymphocytes become?

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do T lymphocytes become?

A

Effector T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 4 examples of non-specific deferences?

A

Intact skin, mucus, cilla and chemical barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does skin defend?

A

Mechanical barrier. Keratin outer layer. Dead cells constantly lost -> X invading bacteria colonisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does sweat and oils contain?

A

Anti-microbial chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do mucous membranes defend?

A

Normal flow of mucus washed bacteria and viruses off membranes. Cilia in resp tract, acid in stomach and vagina. Enzymes in saliva & eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do chemical barriers protect?

A

Proteins. Complement (work with other defence mechanisms). Interferons (X replication of viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do cellular defences involve?

A

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do granulocytes work?

A

Remove dead cells and micro-organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What attracts granulocytes?

A

Inflam response or damaged cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Monocytes/macrophages location?

A

in tissues which act as filters for trapping microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Monocytes/macrophages life span?

A

Live longer than granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Do monocytes or granulocytes arrive at site first?

A

Granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What do monocytes/macrophages do?
Stimulate specific immune response (antigen presenting).
26
What are the non-specific responses to infection?
Macrophages releasing IL-1 & IL-6, fever, pain, swelling, redness, acute-phase proteins.
27
Why does a fever work?
Most bacteria grow optimally at temp below body temp
28
Why does pain, swelling and redness work?
^ capillary permeability, ^blood flow, ^ phagocytic.
29
Why does acute-phase proteins release from liver work?
Bind to bacteria and activate complement proteins
30
What is the specific immunity?
Adaptive. Needs antigens and lymphocytes
31
What are antigens?
Toxin/foreign substance which induces immune response.
32
How much of lymphocytes are carried in blood? Where are the rest?
1%. Rest in lymphatic system.
33
How many lymphocytes in human body?
2x10^12
34
What is a lymphocyte?
small leucocyte (white blood cell)
35
Where do B-cells mature?
Mature in bone marrow then conc in lymph nodes and spleen
36
Where do T-cells mature?
Mature in thymus
37
Both B-cell and T-cells
Circulate in blood ensuring they come in contact with pathogens
38
What do T-cells recognise?
X free antigens. Only recognised antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex - Class I (all cells) class II (APC)
39
What do T-cells do?
Directly attack invaders (cytotoxic, CD8+, MHCI) and recognise pathogens inside cells.
40
What can sometimes recognise and destroy cancer cells?
Cytotoxic T-cells
41
What to T helper cells do?
Stimulate B-cells and activate cytotoxic cells/macrophages.
42
How do T-cells recognise an invader?
Detect an antigen - protein marker on cell surface.
43
Define epitope?
Fragment of antigen
44
What happens when an antigen is encountered by macrophage?
It will bring the protein to a helper T-cell -> if T-cell recognises it as "not-self" -> Launch immune response.
45
How are B-cells stimulated to divide?
Helper T-cells (CD4+) that has been stimulated by antigen -> releases cytokines to stimulate B-cell division.
46
How does HIV affect immune response?
Destroys helper T-cells so immune response diminished
47
What do B-cells do?
Secrete antibodies, humoral immunity and recognise pathogens outside cells.
48
What antibodies do B-cells produce?
Glycoproteins, specific, hypervariable region, different subtypes (IgM, IgA and IgD)
49
Antibodies are on
B-cells
50
B-cell antibodies can be
Glycoproteins, specific hypervariable region, or different subtypes
51
What different subtypes of antibodies is there?
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD.
52
Define opsonisation
identifying the invading particle to the phagocyte
53
B-Cells also stimulate
Complement
54
What do memory cells do?
remain ready to divide rapidly if an invasion occurs again
55
Explain pathway of B-cells
Antigen binds to antibodies-> B-cell multiples-> differentiate into 1) memory cells 2) plasma cells - more antibodies
56
Examples of when immune system is deficient?
Chemo, HIV, Splenectomy, bone marrow dysfunction
57
What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus. Retro virus.
58
How does HIV effect?
Infects CD4 + T-cells. Infection -> latency -> AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
59
What is AIDs?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Decline in CD4 and T cells -> opportunist infections.
60
Causes of 2nd immunodeficiency?
Malnutrition, burns, uremia, diabetes m, recreational drugs and alcohol. AIDs!
61
Type 1 hypersensitivity examples?
Anaphylaxis/allergy. Rhinitis (hayfever)
62
Self reactive lymphocytes are
deleted centrally and suppressed in periphery
63
4 examples of autoimmune diseases
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes M, coeliac disease, multiple sclerosis,
64
Example of live (attenuated) vaccine?
MMR
65
Example of inactivated vaccine
Hep B
66
Example of toxoid (bacterial toxin) vaccine?
Diptheria
67
Example of conjugated (antigen linked to protein) vaccine
pneumococcal

Pathology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions