Lecture 16 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Inflection
When morphology is used to convey grammatical information
A. Book- books (nouns: plural -s)
B. Read- reads (verbs: 3rd person singular -s)
C. Work-worked (verbs: past tense -ed)
D. Sell-selling (verbs: progressive-ing)
E. Eat-eaten (verbs: past participle -en)
F. Small-smaller (adjectives: comparative -er)
G. Big- biggest (adjectives: superlative -est)
Inflection: number
Inuktitut
Iglu = an igloo
Iglu-k = 2 igloos
Iglu-t = 3+ igloos
Niriyu-q = he ate
Niriyu-k = they (2) ate
Niriyu-t = they (3) ate
Morphology: person
Plains Cree
pimisin (to lie down)
1st singular-
ni-pimisin-in (I lie down)
2nd singular-
ki-pimisin-in (you (sg) lie down)
3rd singular (proximate)-
pimisin (he or she lies down)
4th singular (obviative)
pimisin-ijiwa (the other lies down)
1st plural (inclusive)
Ki-pimisin-inaw (we (excluding you) lie down)
1st plural (exclusive)
Ni-pimisin-ina:n (we (excluding you) lie down)
2nd plural- ki-pimisin-ina:wa:w
(You (pl) lie down)
3rd plural - pimisin-wak
(They lie down)
Morphology: gender
Mohawk
wahahnekí:ra “he drank it” (masculine)
wa’ehnekí:ra “she drank it” (feminine)
wa’kahnekí:ra “it drank it” (neutral)
Derivation
When morphology is used to substantially change the meaning or to change the lexical category of a word
In other words
Derivational morphology CREATES A NEW WORD
Ex. English- “un-“
Kind——> unkind
“-er”. Sell——> seller
Derivational suffixes in English
-al
- ant
-(at)ion
-er
-ing
-ment
-able
-ive
-dom
-ful
-(i)al
-(i)an
-ic
-ize
-less
-ous
-ish
-ate
-en
-ity
-ness
Inflection vs derivation
Category/ meaning change:
Inflection doesn’t change meaning of the word nor its lexical category
Order:
Derivational morphology tends to appear closer to the root of a word
Neighbour - hood- s
NOT
Neighbor-s-hood
Inflection vs derivation
Productivity
Inflectional morphology applies more generally than Derivational morphology
Mordern-ize not ancient-ize
Inflection vs derivation
Semantic transparency
The meaning added by inflectional morphology is usually transparent; Derivational morphology can sometimes result in unexpected meanings
Act-or > someone who acts
Profess-or > someone who professes?
Compounding
When 2 roots are combined to form a new word
(Green)(house)
Greenhouse
Properties of compounds
Compounds are treated like single words
A. Have particular meaning which sometimes can’t be derived by adding the meaning of individual components
B. They’re pronounced as a single word. In English words have only one stressed syllable
Types of compounds
Endocentric
- final meaning relating to meaning of one of its component parts
Dog food
Baby blue
Wisdom tooth
Exocentric
- final meaning not relating to meaning of component parts
Hotdog
Bigmouth
Sabre-tooth
Internal change
Sing - sang
Sink- sank
Drive- drove
Foot-feet
Goose-geese
Suppletion
French
Avoir (to have) —— eu (had)
Spanish
ir (to go) —— fue (he or she went)
Reduplication
Indonesian
Orang (man) —— orang orang (men)
Anak (child) ——anak anak (children)
Partial reduplication
Takbo (run) —- tatakbo (will run)
Lakad (walk) —- lalakad (will walk)
Pili (choose) —- pipili (will choose)
Tone replacement
Dá (spanked) —- Dà (will spank)
Zí (ate)—- zì (will eat)
