Lecture 19

Question 1

Modality

Answer 1

Spoken languages (vocal-auditory)
A. Vocal
B. Acoustic
C. Auditory

Signed languages (manual-visual)
A. Manual (corporeal)
B. Photic
C. Visual

Question 2

Phonetics is the study of

Answer 2

Sounds of spoken language
Signs of signed language

Question 3

There are different branches of phonetics

Answer 3

Articulator phonetics (production)
Acoustic phonetics (sound)
Auditory phonetics (perception)

Question 4

Phones. Aka?
What are they

Answer 4

A phone is a speech sound AKA segment

Not all possible human made sounds are phones

As many as 800 phones used in languages (600 consonants and 200 vowels)

Question 5

How do you transcribe phones

Answer 5

Using the International Phonetic Alphabet
IPA

Question 6

Orthography

Answer 6

Refers to codified writing system used in a language

Not all languages have orthographies

Often reflects older stages of spoken language or the conventions of a foreign writing system
English-knight
French- ils voient
Irish- aghaidh

Question 7

Segments

Answer 7

Speech is a continuous stream of sound

We decompose that stream and analyse it as if it’s made up of discrete sounds put together

Question 8

Vocal apparatus lungs job

Answer 8

Push air through the vocal apparatus

Question 9

Larynx job

Answer 9

Vocal folds produce voice

Question 10

Oral cavity job

Answer 10

Sound is “shaped” as the resonating cavities of the mouth and throat are modified by adjustments of the tongue lips etc

Question 11

Nasal cavity job

Answer 11

Valving opens and closes and passage between nasal and oral cavities

Question 12

Parts of mouth

Answer 12

Uvula
Velum (soft palate)
Tonsil
Tongue

Question 13

How does the larynx work

Answer 13

Vocal folds can be opened and closed by the arythenlid cartilages

Question 14

Sound classes

Answer 14

Phones can be divided into natural classes

Vowels and consonants

Question 15

Vowels

Answer 15

Produced with relatively little obstruction in the vocal tract

Highly sonorous

Question 16

Consonants

Answer 16

Produced with a complete obstruction or narrowing of the vocal tract

Not very sonorous

Question 17

Approximants or glides

Answer 17

Can be though of as rapidly produced vowels

More sonorous than consonants, less sonorous than vowels

Question 18

How to describe consonants

Answer 18

Phonation

Place of articulation

Manner of articulation

Question 19

Phonation

Answer 19

Voiceless or unvoiced

Other types
Creaky
Breathy
Whisper

Question 20

Place of articulation 2 types

Answer 20

Active articulators
Passive articulators

Question 21

Manners of articulation

Answer 21

Oral vs nasal

Stops- complete restriction, closure

Fricatives- narrow constriction, turbulent air

Affricates- begin with complete, then narrow constriction

Approximants- relatively little constriction

Question 22

Stops définition and types

Answer 22

Complete restrictions or closure

Plosives- airflow from the lungs gets stopped behind the constriction and released

Ejectives - air phases up by closed vocal folds resulting in a loud release

Implosives- air is sucked down by a closed vocal folds resulting in a reversal of airflow

Clicks- air is sucked down by quickly lowering the tongue from a constriction

Question 23

Plosives

Answer 23

Type of stop

airflow from the lungs gets stopped behind the constriction and
then released

Question 24

Ejectives

Answer 24

Type of stop

air is pushed up by closed vocal folds, resulting in a loud release

Question 25

Implosives

Answer 25

Type of stop air is sucked down by closed vocal folds, resulting in a reversal of airflow

Question 26

Clicks

Answer 26

Type of stop air is sucked down by quickly lowering the tongue from a constriction

Question 27

Affeicates

Answer 27

Begin with a total constriction which is released slowly, thereby creating a moment of frication

Question 28

Taps or flaps

Answer 28

Extremely short stops made by the tap or flap of the tongue

Question 29

Trills

Answer 29

Repeated taps in quick succession