Lecture 16

Question 1

what organism in the kingdom plantae doesn’t have seeds or a vascular system

Answer 1

bryophytes

Question 2

what organisms are bryophytes

Answer 2

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Question 3

what organism in the kingdom plantae have seeds and a vascular system

Answer 3

ferns, clubmosses, whisk ferns, horsetails

Question 4

what are gymnosperms and angiosperms considered

Answer 4

seed plants

Question 5

what are some of the main characteristics of bryophytes

Answer 5

seedless; nonvascular; most found in moist habitats; wide range of habitats; important initial colonizers

Question 6

what are gametophytes

Answer 6

haploid generation, gamete-producing

Question 7

what are sporophytes

Answer 7

diploid generation, spore-producing

Question 8

what are the two stages of alternation of generation

Answer 8

gametophyte and sporophyte

Question 9

how are bryophytes similar to vascular plants

Answer 9

presence of male and female gametangia with a protective layer; retention of zygote and embryo within archegonium; multicellular diploid sporophyte; multicellular sporangia; spores with walls containing sporopollenin; tissues produced by apical meristem

Question 10

what is the strongest structure that is naturally made

Answer 10

sporopollenin

Question 11

how are bryophytes different from vascular plants

Answer 11

no vascular tissues; conducting tissue cell walls not lignified; bryophytes have dominant gametophyte

Question 12

what type of structure and reproductive parts do bryophytes have

Answer 12

no true stems, leaves, or roots; some have cuticle with structures analogous to stomata; usually attached to substrate by rhizoids

Question 13

what is the function rhizoids

Answer 13

anchor plant; not used for water transport; often have fungal or cyanobacterial symbionts

Question 14

how are cells connected in bryophytes

Answer 14

plasmodesmata

Question 15

how do bryophytes reproduce

Answer 15

asexually by fragmentation and gammae

Question 16

which cells are flagellated

Answer 16

sperm cells

Question 17

what is the antheridium

Answer 17

male reproductive structure; usually stalked; sterile jacket layer surrounding spermatogenous cells; each spermatogenous cell forms one biflagellated sperm cell

Question 18

what is the archegonium

Answer 18

female reproductive structure; flask-shaped; surround a single egg; release chemicals to attract sperm

Question 19

where does fertilization occur

Answer 19

archegonium

Question 20

what process does the zygote undergo

Answer 20

undergoes mitosis to generate embryo and eventually mature sporophyte

Question 21

where is the plasmodesmata not located

Answer 21

no plasmodesmata between sporophyte and gametophyte

Question 22

why is there no plasmodesmata between the sporophyte and gametophyte

Answer 22

Placenta- several transfer cells

Question 23

what characteristics does a mature sporophyte have

Answer 23

foot in archegonium; seta (stalk); capsule (sporangium)

Question 24

what is an embryophyte

Answer 24

term for all plants; multicellular, matrotrophic embryo; produce many-celled diploid sporophyte

Question 25

what does sporopollenin do

Answer 25

most decay and chemical resistant biopolymer

Question 26

which organisms form Protonemata

Answer 26

Protonemata are formed in all mosses and some liverworts but not in hornworts.

Question 27

what are charophytes

Answer 27

class of green algae most closely related top plants

Question 28

what are the three phyla in bryophytes

Answer 28

Phylum Hepatophyta; Phylum Anthocerophyta; Phylum Bryophyta

Question 29

what phyla are liverworts in

Answer 29

hepatophyta

Question 30

what are some characteristics of liverworts

Answer 30

small; most gametophytes develop directly from spores; some have protonema first

Question 31

what are the two clades of liverworts

Answer 31

clades are either complex thalloid types or “leafy” simple types

Question 32

what type of liverwort is merchantia

Answer 32

complex thalloid

Question 33

what are some characteristics of merchantia

Answer 33

gametophytes unisexual; distinguished by gametophores; specialized spore dispersal mechanism; gemma cups (asexual reproduction) – produce gemmae

Question 34

where are leafy liverworts found

Answer 34

abundant in tropics & subtropics (high humidity or rainfall grow on leaves, bark, other plant surfaces)

Question 35

what phyla are hornworts in

Answer 35

Anthocerophyta

Question 36

what are the characteristics of gametophytes in hornworms

Answer 36

somewhat similar to thallose liverworts; cells usually have one large chloroplast; usually 1-2 cm across; some unisexual

Question 37

what are the characteristics of sporophytes in hornworms

Answer 37

foot and capsule/sporangium; meristem between foot and sporangium (means that it can’t not branch); green with cuticle and stomata

Question 38

what are the three classes of bryophyta

Answer 38

Sphagnidae (peat mosses); Andreaeidae (granite mosses); | Bryideae (“true mosses”)

Question 39

what are some characteristics of peat moss

Answer 39

diverged early from main line of moss evolution; distributed worldwide; distinctive sporophytes; common asexual reproduction through fragmentation

Question 40

how are peat mosses different than other mosses

Answer 40

unusual protonema; morphology of gametophyte (“moplike” head, leaves one cell layer thick, dead leaf cells fill with water) explosive spore dispersal (operculum)

Question 41

what is the protonema

Answer 41

the first stage of development of the gametophyte

Question 42

what is the operculum

Answer 42

cap that bursts open and allows spores to escape

Question 43

what class does granite moss belong too

Answer 43

andreaeidae

Question 44

what are some characteristics of granite moss

Answer 44

small blackish-green or reddish-brown tufts; grow on rocks in mountainous or arctic regions; unique spore discharge mechanism

Question 45

what class does true moss belong to

Answer 45

Bryidae

Question 46

what are some characteristics of true moss

Answer 46

resemble filamentous green algae (protonema) but have slanted cross walls; multicellular rhizoids leaves normally only one cell layer thick

Question 47

what are hydroids

Answer 47

water-conducting cells in stems of gametophytes and sporophytes; resemble tracheids but cell walls not lignified

Question 48

what are leptoids

Answer 48

food-conducting cells

Question 49

what is the sexual reproduction like in bryidae

Answer 49

``` unbranched sporophyte (embedded in gametophyte, placenta; usually have stomata; as matures, turns brown) specialized spore dispersal (operculum bursts off; peristome) ```

Question 50

The peristome is unique to which class

Answer 50

bryidae