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Plant Science > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

When did angiosperms come around

A

at the end of the dinosaurs, 130 million years ago

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2
Q

What are the unique characteristics of angiosperms

A

flowers, closed carpels, double fertilization, 3-nucleate microgametophyte, 8-nucleate megagametophyte, stamen with two pairs of pollen sacs, sieve tubes with companion cells in phloem

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of angiosperms ancestor

A

lacked flowers, closed carpels, fruits, pollen with single aperture

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4
Q

What percent of angiosperms are not monocots and eudicots

A

3%

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5
Q

What are the two types of angiosperms that are not monocots or eudicots

A

magnoliids and orchids

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6
Q

What the three small, isolated families that arose prior to monocots and eudicots

A

waterlilies, amborellaceae, austrobaileyales

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7
Q

What was the name of the first angiosperm fossil

A

archaefructus

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of archaefructus

A

seeds enclosed in carpels/fruit, stood in shallow water, no sepals or petals

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9
Q

How did petals evolve

A

modified leaves that specialized to attract pollinators, or from stamens that became sterile

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10
Q

What often fuses on a flower

A

the petals to form tubular corolla, and sometimes stamens and/or sepals

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11
Q

Sepals have the same number of vascular bundles as what

A

leaves

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12
Q

How many vascular bundles do sepals have

A

one

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13
Q

How many vascular bundles do petals have

A

can have one or multiples

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14
Q

What is not distinct on a perianth

A

does not have distinct petals or sepals

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15
Q

How were early carpels unspecialized

A

no stigma area, not fused, usually more ovules than contemporary families

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16
Q

What are the flour evolutionary trends among flowers

A

1) few to many parts indefinite in numbers to few parts that are definite in number, 2) floral axis has become shortened so can’t see spiral arrangement; parts often fused, 3) ovary from superior to inferior, perianth now differentiated, 4) radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of Asteraceae

A

it is a eudicot, small epigynous flowers, inferior ovary, 5 stamens usually fused, 5 petals fused, sepals absent or pappus

18
Q

What pattern do flowers mature in

A

a spiral

19
Q

What are the two different flower shapes

A

disk or ray

20
Q

What are the names of the two specialized families

A

Asteraceae and Orchidaceae

21
Q

What are some characteristics of Orchidaceae

A

monocot, 3 fused carpels, inferior ovary, thousands of minute ovules, 1 stamen fused with style and stigma, modified petals and sepals, bilaterally symmetrical, huge range in size, clone for commercial use, some myco-heterotrophs

22
Q

What is myco-heterotrophs

A

is a symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis

23
Q

How does a closed carpel benefit a plant

A

protects it from herbivores

24
Q

What type of pollination causes the most floral evolution

A

animal pollinators

25
Q

What animal pollinator pollinates the most types of plants

A

bees

26
Q

What colors of flowers do bees usually pollinate

A

blue and yellow with showy petals and distinctive patterns

27
Q

What do butterflies and moths require to pollinate flowers

A

landing platforms

28
Q

What type of flowers do birds pollinate

A

red, odorless, lots of nectar

29
Q

What type of flowers do bats pollinate

A

dull colored, lots of nectar, open at night, very strong odor/musty scents

30
Q

How have wind pollinated flowers evolved

A

no nectar, dull color, odorless, petals small or absent, large anthers, feathery stigmas, monoecious

31
Q

What do flavonoids do

A

protect the flower from UV

32
Q

What are the two types of flavonoids

A

anthocyanins and flavonols

33
Q

What color does anthocyanins produce

A

based on pH, blue or red

34
Q

What color does flavonols produce

A

white/ivory

35
Q

What color does carotenoids produce

A

yellow, orange, red

36
Q

Which type of fruit is most diverse

A

simple fruit

37
Q

What are the two types of simple fruits

A

fleshy and dry

38
Q

What three types of fleshy fruits are there

A

berries, drupes, and pomes

39
Q

What are the two types of dry fruits

A

dehiscent and indehiscent

40
Q

What are two characteristics of dehiscent fruits

A

open up at maturity and contains several seeds

41
Q

What are two characteristics of indehiscent fruits

A

doesn’t open up at maturity and contains one seed

42
Q

What are the three seed dispersal agents

A

wind, water, animal

Plant Science (20 decks)

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