Lecture 18: Urban Migration Flashcards
(30 cards)
What year did WWII end?
1945
What characterised the period after WWII? (1950 onwards)
economic prosperity - there were more jobs and better opportunities in cities, which helped drive Māori migration
What was the state of Māori communities during the post-war period?
Māori communities remained largely isolated from predominantly Pākehā urban centres, though there was some movement from rural areas.
What kind of pressure did Māori face to migrate from rural areas to cities?
Māori faced significant external pressure, including state-driven displacement such as homes being dismantled or burnt down.
What were some push factors for Māori urban migration?
Strain on limited rural resources (e.g. healthcare, employment)
Geographical isolation
Escape from cultural obligations for independence
What were some pull factors for Māori urban migration?
Economic security
Better access to education and training
Adventure
Independence
When did Māori begin migrating to urban areas in large numbers?
Migration began in large numbers around 1945.
When did Māori urban migration peak?
1980’s
What percentage of Māori lived in cities by 1986?
80%
What was the Hunn Report?
The Hunn Report was commissioned to review the Department of Māori Affairs
When was the Hunn Report commisioned?
1960
Who wrote the Hunn Report?
Jack Hunn
What did the Hunn Report recommend?
Encouraged Māori urbanisation
Criticised Māori land tenure as a barrier to development
Did the Hunn Report support assimilation or intergration?
claimed to support integration, not assimilation, in practice the policies that followed often pressured Māori to give up their culture (assimilation in disguise)
How did Maori hold land?
Collectively, rather than in an individual title
What concerns did the Hunn Report raise about Māori land ownership?
Criticised collective land ownership as inefficient compared to individual titles
Introduced ideas like “uneconomic shares” and “live-buying” to encourage land sale and productivity
What are “uneconomic shares”?
shares in a piece of land were labelled uneconomic if the shares had low value, even if they owned many
What is “live buying”?
buying from living owners by agreement
What employment challenges did Māori face in urban areas?
Jobs were mostly unskilled (paid less, less secure)
Māori were often the first made redundant, especially in the 1980s
What were the housing issues for Māori in urban areas?
Difficulty finding suitable housing
Lived in hostels or inner-city areas
‘Pepper-potting’
Emergence of ethnic enclaves
What is ‘pepper-potting’?
spreading Maori around so that they might change the way that they lived e.g. use pakeha neighbours as a cultural example
Encouraged assimilation
What were ethnic enclaves?
neighbourhoods or areas where people from the same ethnic group live closely together. Form due to shared culture, social support, or exclusion from other housing
How did racism manifest for Māori in urban settings?
Increased interaction with Pākehā led to more visible racism
Māori were expected to abandon their culture to assimilate
Why was the Maori Womens Welfare League created?
the Māori War Effort Organisation advised appointing six female welfare officers to help Māori adapt to urban life
E.g. finding suitable housing, adapting to cash economy, dealing with racism
