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VETS1060: Final Exam > Lecture 24 Vertebrates - Reptiles > Flashcards

Lecture 24 Vertebrates - Reptiles Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Reptilia evolved from ____ about _____

A

Amphibians; 320 mya

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2
Q

Majority of reptilia species that evolved are now

A

Extinct

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3
Q

Modern reptiles are derived into two lineages

A
  1. Parareptilia (turtles and tortoises)
  2. Eureptila
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4
Q

Eureptilia is further subdivided into two lineages

A
  1. Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards, tuatara)
  2. Archosauromorpha (dinosaurs, crocodiles, birds)
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5
Q

Four extant orders of Reptilia

A
  1. Testudines (turtles and tortoises)
  2. Sphenodonta/Rhyncocephalia (tuatara)
  3. Squamata (lizards and snakes)
  4. Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gharials)
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6
Q

Testudines include

A

Turtles and tortoises

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7
Q

The largest species of testudines is

A

Leatherback

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8
Q

Turtles inhabit ____ while Tortoises inhabit ____

A

Marine and freshwater; terrestrial

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9
Q

Cryptodira and Pleurodira refer to

A

How testudines withdraw their neck into the shell

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10
Q

Marine turtles, most freshwater turtles, and tortoises are

A

Cryptodira - contract their neck

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11
Q

Testudines that contract their neck are referred to as

A

Cryptodira

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12
Q

Testudines that flex their neck laterally are referred to as

A

Pleurodira

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13
Q

Some species of freshwater turtles are

A

Pleurodira - flex their neck laterally

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14
Q

Testudines lack ___, instead they have

A

Teeth; keratinous ridges for grinding and slicing

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15
Q

A unique feature of turtles is

A

The position of limbs within a shell (ribs encapsulate the scapulae)

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16
Q

Recent turtle fossils suggest that

A

The plastron (bottom shell) evolved before the carapace (upper shell)

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17
Q

Hox Genoese refer to

A

The fleshy fin of fish to a tetrapod limb

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18
Q

Rhyncocephalia / Sphenodonta are

A

Tuataras

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19
Q

Which species is native to New Zealand and surrounding islands?

A

Tuatara (Rhyncocephalia/Sphenodonta)

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20
Q

Two species of tuatara are

A

-Sphenodon punctatus
-Spehnodon guntheri

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21
Q

Tuataras are a ___ species because ___

A

Vulnerable; sexually mature at 20 years and females can only breed every 4-5 years

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22
Q

Tuataras have a lifespan of ____ and are sexually mature at ____

A

100 years; 20 years

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23
Q

The most ancestral of amniotes is the

A

Rhyncocephalia / Sphenodonta

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24
Q

The unmodified diapsid skull of Tuataras is

A

Redeveloped, not retention

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25
Teeth of Sphenodonta / Rhyncocephalia are (4)
-fused to bone during early development -new teeth are added caudally as body size increases -double row on maxilla -single row on mandible
26
Turtles and Tuatara lack
An outer aperture and tympanic membrane
27
Squamates include
Lizards and snakes
28
Snakes evolved from
Lizards
29
Venom in squamata evolved
Early
30
___ of squamates are ____
60% ; venomous
31
Two species of lizards that are venomous are
-Gilda monster -Mexican beaded lizard
32
Squamates have movable ___ which allows for ____
Quadrate bones; greater range of motion of mandibles
33
Crocodilia include
-crocodiles -alligators -caimans -gharials
34
The closest living relatives of birds are
Crocodilia
35
There are ____ species of Crocodilia
22
36
The Australian saltwater crocodile is
The largest species of Crocodilia
37
A derived trait (not ancestral) of Crocodilia is
Semi-sprawled posture which allows for galloping
38
Two main lineages of Dinosaurs are
-Ornithischia (“bird hipped”) -Saurischia (“lizard hipped”)
39
Ornithischia are
Herbivores
40
Saurischia can be divided into
-Sauropods (herbivores) -Therapods (carnivores)
41
Oviraptor is a misnomer for ___ and actually means ___
Egg thief; incubation of eggs (evidence of maternal care and endothermy)
42
Therapods have embryos that are
Hatched from eggs (similar to modern birds)
43
Dinosaurs were, without a doubt,
Feathered
44
Reptiles have adapted to ____ and some have re-adapted to ____
Drier environments; aquatic environments
45
All reptiles must ____ with the exception of ____
Return to land to lay eggs / live young; sea snakes
46
Sea snakes are
Viviparous
47
Distribution of reptiles is limited by being
Ectothermic
48
Ectothermic means
Body temperature is determined by the environment
49
Endothermic
Body produces heat
50
Ectothermic
Heat absorbed from environment
51
Homeothermic
Body temperature is constant
52
Poikilothermic
Body temperature varies
53
Reptilia transition from water to land required
A waterproof skin to minimize water loss
54
Waterproof skin of reptiles is due to
Thick, heavily keratinised stratum corneum
55
Reptile scales are used to
Identify and classify
56
Epidermal scales are
keratin structures
57
Scutes
Large, plate-like scales
58
Modified scales form
Horns, spikes, and crests
59
Which species of reptilia posses osteoderms (3)
-crocodialians -testudines -some lizards
60
Osteoderms means
Osteo = plates of bone Derms = within dermis
61
What structure provides additional support to reptilia epidermis
Osteoderms
62
Dorsal shell of turtles and tortoises is called
Carapace
63
Ventral shell of turtles and tortoises is called
Plastron
64
In turtles and tortoises, osteoderms are
Fused with ribs and vertebrae
65
Reptilia have a ____ compared to amphibians
Stronger skeleton
66
The pectoral girdle of reptilia includes (4)
-scapula -coracoid -clavicle (not all species) -inter-clavicle
67
The pelvic girdle of reptilia includes (4)
-ilium -ischium -pubis -small epipubic bone may be present
68
The limb bones of reptilia are (2)
-similar to mammals -5 digits on each manus (hands) and pes (foot)
69
Two reptilian skull types are
-anapsid (lacks a fenestrae) -diapsid (contains two fenestrae)
70
Reptilia with anapsid skulls include
-ancestral reptiles -turtles -tortoises
71
Reptilia with diapsid skulls include (4)
-snakes -lizards -dinosaurs -crocodilians
72
Reptiles posses ___ lungs
Paired
73
Many lizards have a ____ lung
Reduced left
74
Snakes have ___ lungs
Long, thin
75
Crocodialian respiration is similar to
Birds - unidirectional flow
76
The heart of reptilia evolved from
Amphibians
77
There is no typical reptilian ___
Heart
78
Reptilia hearts have a separate
Pulmonary and systemic circulation
79
Sexual dimorphism in reptiles is
Minimal or non existent
80
Viviparous means
Produce live young
81
An advantage to viviparous is
Protection of young from predators and environment
82
Oviparous means
Produces an egg
83
The yellow bellied three-toed skink displays both
Viviparous and oviparous reproduction
84
Parthenogenesis means
The embryo is derived solely from the fusion of 2 eggs (occurs in solitary animals and is not ideal)
85
Pterosaurs means
Winged lizard

VETS1060: Final Exam (16 decks)

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