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VETS1060: Final Exam > Lecture 24 Vertebrates - Reptiles > Flashcards

Lecture 24 Vertebrates - Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

Reptilia evolved from ____ about _____

A

Amphibians; 320 mya

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2
Q

Majority of reptilia species that evolved are now

A

Extinct

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3
Q

Modern reptiles are derived into two lineages

A
  1. Parareptilia (turtles and tortoises)
  2. Eureptila
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4
Q

Eureptilia is further subdivided into two lineages

A
  1. Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards, tuatara)
  2. Archosauromorpha (dinosaurs, crocodiles, birds)
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5
Q

Four extant orders of Reptilia

A
  1. Testudines (turtles and tortoises)
  2. Sphenodonta/Rhyncocephalia (tuatara)
  3. Squamata (lizards and snakes)
  4. Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gharials)
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6
Q

Testudines include

A

Turtles and tortoises

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7
Q

The largest species of testudines is

A

Leatherback

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8
Q

Turtles inhabit ____ while Tortoises inhabit ____

A

Marine and freshwater; terrestrial

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9
Q

Cryptodira and Pleurodira refer to

A

How testudines withdraw their neck into the shell

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10
Q

Marine turtles, most freshwater turtles, and tortoises are

A

Cryptodira - contract their neck

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11
Q

Testudines that contract their neck are referred to as

A

Cryptodira

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12
Q

Testudines that flex their neck laterally are referred to as

A

Pleurodira

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13
Q

Some species of freshwater turtles are

A

Pleurodira - flex their neck laterally

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14
Q

Testudines lack ___, instead they have

A

Teeth; keratinous ridges for grinding and slicing

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15
Q

A unique feature of turtles is

A

The position of limbs within a shell (ribs encapsulate the scapulae)

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16
Q

Recent turtle fossils suggest that

A

The plastron (bottom shell) evolved before the carapace (upper shell)

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17
Q

Hox Genoese refer to

A

The fleshy fin of fish to a tetrapod limb

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18
Q

Rhyncocephalia / Sphenodonta are

A

Tuataras

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19
Q

Which species is native to New Zealand and surrounding islands?

A

Tuatara (Rhyncocephalia/Sphenodonta)

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20
Q

Two species of tuatara are

A

-Sphenodon punctatus
-Spehnodon guntheri

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21
Q

Tuataras are a ___ species because ___

A

Vulnerable; sexually mature at 20 years and females can only breed every 4-5 years

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22
Q

Tuataras have a lifespan of ____ and are sexually mature at ____

A

100 years; 20 years

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23
Q

The most ancestral of amniotes is the

A

Rhyncocephalia / Sphenodonta

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24
Q

The unmodified diapsid skull of Tuataras is

A

Redeveloped, not retention

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25
Q

Teeth of Sphenodonta / Rhyncocephalia are (4)

A

-fused to bone during early development
-new teeth are added caudally as body size increases
-double row on maxilla
-single row on mandible

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26
Q

Turtles and Tuatara lack

A

An outer aperture and tympanic membrane

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27
Q

Squamates include

A

Lizards and snakes

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28
Q

Snakes evolved from

A

Lizards

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29
Q

Venom in squamata evolved

A

Early

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30
Q

___ of squamates are ____

A

60% ; venomous

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31
Q

Two species of lizards that are venomous are

A

-Gilda monster
-Mexican beaded lizard

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32
Q

Squamates have movable ___ which allows for ____

A

Quadrate bones; greater range of motion of mandibles

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33
Q

Crocodilia include

A

-crocodiles
-alligators
-caimans
-gharials

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34
Q

The closest living relatives of birds are

A

Crocodilia

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35
Q

There are ____ species of Crocodilia

A

22

36
Q

The Australian saltwater crocodile is

A

The largest species of Crocodilia

37
Q

A derived trait (not ancestral) of Crocodilia is

A

Semi-sprawled posture which allows for galloping

38
Q

Two main lineages of Dinosaurs are

A

-Ornithischia (“bird hipped”)
-Saurischia (“lizard hipped”)

39
Q

Ornithischia are

A

Herbivores

40
Q

Saurischia can be divided into

A

-Sauropods (herbivores)
-Therapods (carnivores)

41
Q

Oviraptor is a misnomer for ___ and actually means ___

A

Egg thief; incubation of eggs (evidence of maternal care and endothermy)

42
Q

Therapods have embryos that are

A

Hatched from eggs (similar to modern birds)

43
Q

Dinosaurs were, without a doubt,

A

Feathered

44
Q

Reptiles have adapted to ____ and some have re-adapted to ____

A

Drier environments; aquatic environments

45
Q

All reptiles must ____ with the exception of ____

A

Return to land to lay eggs / live young; sea snakes

46
Q

Sea snakes are

A

Viviparous

47
Q

Distribution of reptiles is limited by being

A

Ectothermic

48
Q

Ectothermic means

A

Body temperature is determined by the environment

49
Q

Endothermic

A

Body produces heat

50
Q

Ectothermic

A

Heat absorbed from environment

51
Q

Homeothermic

A

Body temperature is constant

52
Q

Poikilothermic

A

Body temperature varies

53
Q

Reptilia transition from water to land required

A

A waterproof skin to minimize water loss

54
Q

Waterproof skin of reptiles is due to

A

Thick, heavily keratinised stratum corneum

55
Q

Reptile scales are used to

A

Identify and classify

56
Q

Epidermal scales are

A

keratin structures

57
Q

Scutes

A

Large, plate-like scales

58
Q

Modified scales form

A

Horns, spikes, and crests

59
Q

Which species of reptilia posses osteoderms (3)

A

-crocodialians
-testudines
-some lizards

60
Q

Osteoderms means

A

Osteo = plates of bone
Derms = within dermis

61
Q

What structure provides additional support to reptilia epidermis

A

Osteoderms

62
Q

Dorsal shell of turtles and tortoises is called

A

Carapace

63
Q

Ventral shell of turtles and tortoises is called

A

Plastron

64
Q

In turtles and tortoises, osteoderms are

A

Fused with ribs and vertebrae

65
Q

Reptilia have a ____ compared to amphibians

A

Stronger skeleton

66
Q

The pectoral girdle of reptilia includes (4)

A

-scapula
-coracoid
-clavicle (not all species)
-inter-clavicle

67
Q

The pelvic girdle of reptilia includes (4)

A

-ilium
-ischium
-pubis
-small epipubic bone may be present

68
Q

The limb bones of reptilia are (2)

A

-similar to mammals
-5 digits on each manus (hands) and pes (foot)

69
Q

Two reptilian skull types are

A

-anapsid (lacks a fenestrae)
-diapsid (contains two fenestrae)

70
Q

Reptilia with anapsid skulls include

A

-ancestral reptiles
-turtles
-tortoises

71
Q

Reptilia with diapsid skulls include (4)

A

-snakes
-lizards
-dinosaurs
-crocodilians

72
Q

Reptiles posses ___ lungs

A

Paired

73
Q

Many lizards have a ____ lung

A

Reduced left

74
Q

Snakes have ___ lungs

A

Long, thin

75
Q

Crocodialian respiration is similar to

A

Birds - unidirectional flow

76
Q

The heart of reptilia evolved from

A

Amphibians

77
Q

There is no typical reptilian ___

A

Heart

78
Q

Reptilia hearts have a separate

A

Pulmonary and systemic circulation

79
Q

Sexual dimorphism in reptiles is

A

Minimal or non existent

80
Q

Viviparous means

A

Produce live young

81
Q

An advantage to viviparous is

A

Protection of young from predators and environment

82
Q

Oviparous means

A

Produces an egg

83
Q

The yellow bellied three-toed skink displays both

A

Viviparous and oviparous reproduction

84
Q

Parthenogenesis means

A

The embryo is derived solely from the fusion of 2 eggs (occurs in solitary animals and is not ideal)

85
Q

Pterosaurs means

A

Winged lizard

VETS1060: Final Exam (16 decks)

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