Lectures 31-32 Skeletal System Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Appendicular skeleton includes
A
-limbs
-girdles
2
Q
Axial skeleton includes (3)
A
-vertebrae
-ribs
-sternum
3
Q
There are over __ bones in most mammals
A
200
4
Q
Components of the musculoskeletal system (5)
A
-bones
-joints
-muscles (skeletal)
-nerves
-blood vessels
5
Q
Majority of bones are in the
A
Feet
6
Q
Bones of the limbs and girdles are part of the
A
Appendicular skeleton system
7
Q
Vertebrae, ribs and sternum are part of the
A
Axial skeletal system
8
Q
Cranial means
A
Skull (head)
9
Q
Vertebral column is comprised of
A
-cervical (C)
-thoracic (T)
-lumbar (L)
-sacral (S)
-caudal (Ca)
10
Q
There are always __ in the cervix
A
7
11
Q
Spinal cord passes through
A
Vertebral foramen
12
Q
Typical vertebra consists of (4)
A
-body/centum
-neural arch (laminate and pedicel)
-processes (articular, spinous, and transverse)
-articular surfaces
13
Q
There are always seven ____ vertebra
A
Cervical
14
Q
First two cervical vertebrae are
A
-atlas
-axis
15
Q
The atlas and axis are
A
The first two specialized cervical vertebra
16
Q
The atlas (3)
A
-Holds up the head
-small and irregular
-large wings
17
Q
What is cranial to the axis
A
Atlas
18
Q
What is caudal to the atlas
A
Axis
19
Q
The axis
A
-is caudal to the atlas
-C2
-has large spinous processes
20
Q
The atlas lacks
A
Spinal processes
21
Q
Thoracic vertebra (2)
A
-are the attachment sites to the ribs
-have tall spinous processes
22
Q
Lumbar vertebra (2)
A
-have large, forward transverse processes
-are “locked” together for less movement
23
Q
Sacrum (2)
A
-fusion of 3 vertebrae that articulate with pelvis
-have no movement
24
Q
Horses/cattle have ___ sacral vertebrae
A
5 (increased # with increased size)
25
Fusion of the sacral vertebrae is for
Absorption of force during locomotion
26
Caudal/Coccygeal vertebrae (5)
-vary between and within species (tail)
-are long and narrow
-have small processes
-are mobile
-posses hemal arches and processes
27
Ribs consist of (3)
-sternal (true)
-asternal (false)
-floating
28
Ribs consist of
-sternal (true)
-asternal (false)
-floating
29
Asternal ribs
Have an indirect attachment to the sternum
30
Floating ribs
Have no connection to ribs, but connect to vertebral column
31
Sternum consists of (3)
-manubrium (most cranial)
-sternebra
-xiphoid cartilage (most caudal)
32
Costochondrial junction
Links costal cartilage to bone of ribs
33
Costochondrial junction means
Costo = ribs
Chondrial = cartilage
34
The knee is the
Stifle
35
The heel of your foot is
Tarsus/hock
36
Three phalanges
-proximal
-middle
-distal
37
Digit one lacks
Middle phalange
38
The most medial digit is
Digit I
39
The most lateral digit is
Digit V
40
The horse’s pentadactyl limb (2)
-has a fused radius/ulna
-moves on the fingernail of the middle finger
41
The thoracic/pectoral girdle is
The scapula
42
Scapula includes (4)
-clavicle
-supraglenoid tubercle
-spine
-glenoid cavity
43
The glenoid cavity of the scapula
Articulates with the shoulder
44
The spine of the scapula
Increases surface area for muscle attachment
45
Greater tubercle of humerus is used for
Muscle attachment
46
Trochlea of humerus
Most caudal groove
47
Main parts of the humerus (7)
-head
-greater tubercle
-deltoid tuberosity
-radial fossa
-olecranon fossa
-lateral epicondyle
-trochlea
48
The trochlear notch of the ulna
Articulates with the humerus
49
Carpals
two rows (proximal and distal) of four bones
50
Proximal carpals includes (4)
-radial
-intermediate
-ulnar
-accessory
51
There are ___ distal carpals
4
52
There are ___ metacarpals
5 (one for each digit)
53
Digits have
Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
54
Digit I is also called
Thumb / dewclaw
55
The pelvic limb is
Solidly joined directly to vertebral column via pelvic girdle
56
The hip joint is the
Acetabulum
57
Os coxae (2)
-makes up half the pelvic girdle
-includes ilium, ischium, and pubis
58
Acetabulum literally means
Acetum = vinegar
-abulum = small cup
59
The head of the femur
Articulates with the acetebulum to form the hip joint
60
The trochanter of the femur
Is a raised area of bone for muscle attachment (called Tubercule in the forelimb)
61
The knee cap is
The patella
62
The patella is (2)
-a sesamoid bone (sits on tendon and moves to reduce friction over a joint)
-also called the knee cap
63
The stifle joint
Sits caudal to the femur
64
Which is thinner: tibia or fibula
Fibula
65
Tibia
Weight bearing bone of hindlimb
66
Tarsals are divided into
-proximal (talus, calcaneous, central)
-distal (4)
67
The proximal tarsals are
-talus
-calcaneous
-centrale
68
How many distal tarsals are there
4
69
The metatarsalas and digits are
The same as the forelimb (5 for each)
70
Forelimb bones: (6)
-scapula
-humerus
-radius and ulna
-carpus
-metacarpus
-phalanges/digits
71
Hindlimb bones are (6)
-pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
-femur
-tibia and fibula
-tarsus
-metatarsus
-phalanges/digits
72
There are only ___ moveable joints in the skull
2
73
What are the moveable joints of the skull
-temporal-mandibular joint (jaw)
-tympani-hyoid joint (supports larynx)
74
Most joints in the skull are
Sutures (ie. immovable, rigid, stable, and short)
75
Young suture joints are ____ while adult suture joints are ____
Short and fibrous tissue; short and bony tissue
76
Facial bones (2)
-are more rostral
-include oral and nasal cavities
77
The cranial bones
Enclose the brain and ear
78
Facial bones include (6)
-maxilla
-incisive
-nasal bones
-palatine
-lacrimal
-zygomatic
79
Cranial bones include (6)
-occipital
-sphenoid
-pterygoid
-frontals
-parietals
-temporal
80
The maxilla houses
Canines, premolars, molars and hard palate
81
Incisive bone is
-the most rostral
-houses incisor teeth
82
Nasal bones are
Two long, thin bones on the roof of the nasal cavity
83
Palatine bone is
The soft palate
84
Lacrimal bone
Corner of the eye where tear ducts enter
85
Zygomatic bone
-located caudal to maxilla
-cranial aspect of zygomatic arch
86
The orbit is
The eyeball
87
The zygomatic arch
-helps protect the orbit
-cheek bone
88
The most caudal cranial bone is
Occipital
89
What articulates with the atlas
Occipital condyles
90
The spinal cord enters the brain through
Foramen magnum
91
What two structures are found in the sphenoid bone
-optic canal (round hole where optic nerve goes to retina)
-orbital foramen (oval hole where nerves go to eye muscles)
92
The optic canal and orbital foramen are located in
The sphenoid
93
Most ventral cranial bone
Pterygoid
94
Large part of the roof of the skull
Frontal bone
95
The parietal bone is
-caudal to frontal bone
-has a sagittal crest running through the midline
-also temporal lines
96
Temporal bone houses
The ear
97
Three parts of the temporal bone
-squamous
-tympanic
-petrosal
98
The squamous temporal is
The outer ear
99
The tympanic temporal is
The middle ear (contains malleus, incus, and stapes)
100
The squamous temporal extends to
The zygomatic arch
101
The malleus, incus, and stapes are in
Tympanic temporal (middle ear)
102
The petrosal temporal is
The inner ear
103
The petrosal temporal (inner ear) houses the
Cochlea
104
All bottom teeth are housed
In the mandible
105
The angular process does___ while the coronoid process does ____
Jaw down; jaw up
106
Jaw down motion is controlled by the
Angular process
107
Jaw up movement is performed by
The coronoid process
108
The mental foramen is located ___ and provides
Most rostral of the mandible; Nerves
109
Snakes can extend the ___ of the mandible
Symphysis
110
The chin is also called
Symphysis
