Lecture 26: Anatomy and Physiology II(urinary system)

Question 1

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

1. regulates composition and volume of extracellular fluid
2. removes metabolic waste from blood and combines with excess water, electrolytes to form urine
3. secretes erythropoietin hormone for red blood cell production
4. secretes renin enzyme to maintain blood volume and blood pressure
5. processes 180 L of filtrate daily
   -filters entire plasma volume around 60x a day
   -entire plasma volume is filtered every 22 minutes
   -only less than one percent of fluids leaves body as urine

Question 2

What is erythroproietin?

Answer 2

Hormone for red blood cell production

Question 3

What is included or is the structure of the kidneys?

Answer 3

1. hilum
2. renal sinus
3. renal medulla

Question 4

What is the hilum?

Answer 4

The concave part of the kidney where it is the entrance/exit for blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and ureter

Question 5

What is the renal sinus?

Answer 5

It is the hollow chamber of the kidney

Question 6

What is included in the renal medulla?

Answer 6

1. renal pyramids

Question 7

What is included in the renal pyramids

Answer 7

1. renal papillae

Question 8

What are renal pyramids in the renal sinus?

Answer 8

The striated conical tissue which is around 8 lobes

Question 9

What is the renal papillae in the renal pyramids?

Answer 9

The small projections into minor calyx. Also, there are parallel bundles of urine collecting tubes

Question 10

What is the renal medulla?

Answer 10

The middle part of the kidney

Question 11

What is the renal cortex?

Answer 11

The granular shell around renal pyramids

Question 12

What are renal columns in the renal cortex?

Answer 12

Cortex tissue that separates medulla

Question 13

What are nephrons?

Answer 13

The functional unit of the kidney

Question 14

How are the nephrons separated?

Answer 14

1. renal corpuscle
2. renal tubule
3. collecting duct

Question 15

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

Answer 15

1. glomerulus
2. glomerular capsule

Question 16

What is glomerulus in the renal corpsucle?

Answer 16

The tangled cluster of blood capillaries or the “glom” which is the ball of yarn

Question 17

What is the glomerular capsule?

Answer 17

It surrounds the glomerulus and is Bowman’s capsule

Question 18

What are some features of renal corpuscle?

Answer 18

1. glomerulus
2. glomerular capsule

Question 19

What are some features of the renal tubule?

Answer 19

1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. loop of henle
3. distal convoluted tubule

Question 20

What is the loop of Henle

Answer 20

1. descending limb of the nephron loop
2. ascending limb of the nephron loop

Question 21

What is the glomerular filtration?

Answer 21

The glomerular capillaries filter blood plasma

Question 22

What are some features of glomerular filtration?

Answer 22

1. Afferent(incoming) arteriole is larger than efferent(outgoing) arteriole
2. blood pressure is greater for blood entering glomerulus
3. blood plasma is filtered into glomerular capsule
4. filtration rate is affected by constriction/dilation of blood vessels and plasma colloid pressure
5. only molecules smaller than 3 nm pass freely through such as water, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous waste. Also, blood cells or protein in urine indicated pathology

Question 23

What is tubular reabsorption?

Answer 23

Renal tubules return dissolved material back to peritubular capillaries.

Question 24

What is the process of tubular reabsorption?

Answer 24

1. sodium ions is moved back by active transport
2. water diffuses passively by osmosis
3. Almost all water and sodium ions are reabsorbed
4. Other chemicals reabsorbed: glucose, creatine, amino acids, urea, bicarbonate, potassium

Question 25

What is tubular secretion?

Answer 25

Peritubular capillaries allow material to be transported to renal tubules such as drugs, histamine, hydrogen ions, ammonia, potassium, urea, creatine, and hormones

Question 26

What is aldosterone?

Answer 26

It stimulates distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb sodium. Where the sodium moves into bloodstream and water follows

Question 27

What is angiotensin II?

Answer 27

It stimulates secretion of aldosterone

Question 28

What is antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 28

It increases water reabsorption by distal convoluted tubule

Question 29

What is diabetes?

Answer 29

Continuous high blood sugar over time

Question 30

What are the features of diabetes?

Answer 30

1. kidney reach threshold of glucose reabsorption, excess glucose in nephron tubule 2.high osmotic pressure in nephron tubule inhibts water reabsorption 3. increased urine output, dehydration, increased thirst, fruity odor in urine

Question 31

What is involved in regulating blood volume?

Answer 31

1. aldosterone 2. angiotensin II 3. Antidiuretic hormone

Question 32

What is diuretic?

Answer 32

The process where it enhances urine output such as alcohol that inhibits aldosterone or caffeine that inhibits Na+ reabsorption, increases glomerular filtration(increased heart rate and blood flow)

Question 33

What is the chemical composition of urine?

Answer 33

1. Water: 95% 2. urea 3. uric acid 4. creatinine

Question 34

What is urea?

Answer 34

Breakdown of amino acids

Question 35

What is uric acids?

Answer 35

The breakdown of nucleic acids

Question 36

What is creatinine?

Answer 36

The breakdown of creatine used by skeletal muscles

Question 37

What is the composition of urine color?

Answer 37

urobilin

Question 38

What is urobilin?

Answer 38

The urochrome or the yellow pigment from destruction of heme

Question 39

What are abnormal signs in urine?

Answer 39

1. cloudy: bacteria 2. food pigments: beets 3. bile pigments 4. blood

Question 40

What is the pathway of urine elimination?

Answer 40

1. nephron 2. collecting duct 3. renal papillae 4. minor calyx 5. major calyx 6. renal pelvis 7. ureter 8. urinary bladder 9. urethra

Question 41

What is the ureter?

Answer 41

Lined with smooth muscle to move urine by peristaltic waves to urinary bladder

Question 42

What is the urethra?

Answer 42

The tube from urinary bladder to outside the body

Question 43

What is the urinary bladder?

Answer 43

The hollow organ that stores urine

Question 44

What is the trigone?

Answer 44

The floor of urinary bladder that has 3 openings where 2 is the ureter and entrance and 1 urethra which is the exit

Question 45

What is the detrusor muscle?

Answer 45

The smooth muscle of bladder that has the bladder walls, internal urethral sphincter, and is involuntary

Question 46

What is mictruition?

Answer 46

The process that expels urine from urinary bladder

Question 47

What is the process of urine elimination?

Answer 47

1. stretch receptors stimulated as bladder fills -triggers mictruition reflex 2. detrusor muscle contracts rhythmically -sensation of urgency 3. urge begins as bladder fills to 150mL, but capacity is 600 mL 4. Passed 300 mL, sensation intensifies and bladder wall contracts more powerfully 5. Once contractions are strong enough, internal urethral sphincter is forced open 6. External urethral sphincter (voluntary relaxes and bladder empties