Lecture 9: Plant Structure 1

Question 1

What are roots?

Answer 1

An organs that serves to anchor the plant in the soil. In addition, it also serves to absorb minerals and water. As well as stores carbohydrates from photosynthesis.

Question 2

What is the taproot?

Answer 2

The main root in dicots

Question 3

What are lateral roots?

Answer 3

Apart of the taproot where it is not the main root but instead it is the roots that branch from the sides.

Question 4

What is the purpose of lateral roots?

Answer 4

They are adapted to find water deep underground

Question 5

What are fibrous root system?

Answer 5

The root system in monocots where there is no “main” root. Instead, there are thin/shallow roots that are like a mat and spread below the soil surface so absorb water quickly

Question 6

What are root hairs?

Answer 6

Hairs that increase surface area to absorb water

Question 7

What is the root cap?

Answer 7

A cap that protects apical meristem

Question 8

Name the 5 modified roots?

Answer 8

1. Prop roots
2. Storage roots
3. Strangling aerial roots
4. Buttress roots
5. Pneumatophores

Question 9

What are prop roots?

Answer 9

Roots that are above ground to brace support top HEAVY trees

Question 10

What are storage roots?

Answer 10

Roots that store water and carbohydrates for the plant

Question 11

What are strangling aerial roots?

Answer 11

Roots that wrap around the host plant and extend toward the ground

Question 12

What are buttress roots?

Answer 12

Roots that are above ground and have architectural support to hold up LARGE trees

Question 13

What are pneumatophores?

Answer 13

Roots (also air roots) that require air for underwater root systems

Question 14

What are stems?

Answer 14

Organs that raise leaves and reproductive structures

Question 15

What are nodes?

Answer 15

A point where leaves are attached

Question 16

What are internodes?

Answer 16

The space in between nodes

Question 17

What are apical meristem?

Answer 17

The growing point(or bud) at the top and bottom for vertical growth(up or down)

Question 18

What are axillary meristem?

Answer 18

The growing point(or lateral buds) at nodes on the sides to form branches

Question 19

What is apical dominance?

Answer 19

Found in many trees and is where the apical bud is the dominant and not the axillary buds are inhibited. In short, it grown up rather than on the sides.

Question 20

Can apical dominance be manipulated?

Answer 20

Yes. This can be done by pruning and cutting the apical bud to make it wider and not taller.

Question 21

Name the 4 modified stems?

Answer 21

1. Rhizome
2. Bulb
3. Stolon
4. Tuber

Question 22

What are rhizomes?

Answer 22

The horizontal stems that grown underground.

Question 23

What is an example of a rhizome?

Answer 23

Ginger, turmeric, and lotus

Question 24

What are bulbs?

Answer 24

The underground storage structure where it is a short stem with fleshy leaves

Question 25

What are examples of bulbs?

Answer 25

Onion, garlic, lilies, and tulips

Question 26

What are stolons?

Answer 26

Horizontal (also runner) stems that shoot for asexual reproduction

Question 27

What is an example of stolons?

Answer 27

Strawberries because the stem grows to the side

Question 28

What are tubers?

Answer 28

Enlarged ends of stolons or rhizomes for storing food

Question 29

What is an example of a tuber?

Answer 29

Potatoes where they are not roots but instead an enlarged rhizome.

Question 30

What are leaves?

Answer 30

The main photosynthetic organ of a plant

Question 31

What are blades?

Answer 31

The flat part of the leaf

Question 32

What are petioles?

Answer 32

The leaf stalk of the leaf

Question 33

What are the types of leaves?

Answer 33

1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Doubly Compounds

Question 34

What is a simple leaf?

Answer 34

A single and undivided blade

Question 35

What is a compound?

Answer 35

A blade that is divided into multiple leaflets (pinnate)

Question 36

What is a pinnate?

Answer 36

The multiple leaflets from one axillary bud

Question 37

What are doubly compounds?

Answer 37

Leaflets that are divided into smaller leaflets(bipinatte)

Question 38

What are the 5 modified leaves

Answer 38

1. Tendrils 2. Spines 3. Storage leaves 4. Reproductive leaves 5. Bracts

Question 39

What are tendrils?

Answer 39

The leaves that cling to surfaces to allow vines to climb

Question 40

What are spines?

Answer 40

Sharp needles for protection

Question 41

What are storage leaves?

Answer 41

Leaves that store water

Question 42

What are reproductive leaves?

Answer 42

Plantlets for asexual reproduction

Question 43

What are bracts?

Answer 43

Brightly colored to attract pollinators to flowers

Question 44

What is the epidermis in dermal tissue?

Answer 44

The layer of cells on the outside

Question 45

What is the cuticle?

Answer 45

The waxy coating on the epidermis

Question 46

What are trichomes?

Answer 46

The hairy defense mechanism against herbivores. These can secrete sticky or toxic substances.

Question 47

What are the three dermal tissue in plants?

Answer 47

1. Epidermis 2. Cuticle 3. Trichomes

Question 48

What are the 2 vascular tissue structures?

Answer 48

1. Xylem 2. Phloem 3. Stele

Question 49

What is xylem?

Answer 49

Conducts water and dissolved minerals to the plant.

Question 50

What are some minerals in xylem?

Answer 50

1. Nitrogen for nucleic acids 2. Potassium for enzyme cofactor 3. Magnesium for chlorophyll 4. Phosphorus for phospholipids, nucleic acids, and ATP

Question 51

What is phloem?

Answer 51

Conducts the transportation of organic materials like carbohydrates and proteins

Question 52

What is the stele?

Answer 52

The vascular bundle of roots. In dicots the xylem is like a cross while the phloem is in between. In monocots the xylem is in a inner ring while the phloem is the outer ring

Question 53

What are the 2 structures of ground tissue?

Answer 53

1. Pith 2. Cortex

Question 54

What is the pith(medulla)?

Answer 54

The soft, spongy middle filler tissue

Question 55

What is the cortex?

Answer 55

The outer filler layer below the epidermis

Question 56

What are the types of growth?

Answer 56

1. Indeterminate growth 2. Determinate growth

Question 57

What is indeterminate growth?

Answer 57

Always growing (includes stem, roots)

Question 58

What is determinate growth?

Answer 58

Growth stops after reaching a certain size (includes flowers, leaves)

Question 59

What is the stomata?

Answer 59

Pores for gas exchange

Question 60

What are the guard cells?

Answer 60

Two cells that control opening/closing of stoma

Question 61

What are the types of dicot mesophyll?

Answer 61

1. Palisade mesophyll 2. Spongy mesophyll

Question 62

What is palisade mesophyll?

Answer 62

Tall mesophyll cells on top side that absorb light

Question 63

What are spongy mesophyll?

Answer 63

Loosely arranged shorter cells for CO2 and O2 circulation

Question 64

What are bundle sheath cells?

Answer 64

Cells that surround vascular tissue