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Biology 007 > Lecture 29: Anatomy And Physiology IV (nervous System) > Flashcards

Lecture 29: Anatomy And Physiology IV (nervous System) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A cell that transmits information by electrical impulses

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2
Q

What is an impulse?

A

An electrical charge

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3
Q

What is the cell body?

A

The main part of the cell

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4
Q

What are the dendrites?

A

The extensions that receive information

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5
Q

What is an axon?

A

The extension that sends information

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6
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

The cone shaped thickening that leads to axon

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7
Q

What myelination?

A

The myelin sheath in the neuron

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8
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

The gaps between the neurons

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9
Q

What is white matter?

A

The myelinated axons of the CNS

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10
Q

What does it mean for neurons to be unmyelinated?

A

It means that there is no myelin sheath

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11
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Unmyelinated axons in the CNS

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12
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with multiple extensions or many dendrites and 1 axon

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13
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with two extensions with one dendrite and one axon

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14
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with one extension where one side is the dendrite and the other side is the axon

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15
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Afferent neurons that receive input from the peripheral body parts from sensory receptors. In addition, most are unipolar or bipolar neurons

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16
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons found in brain and spinal cord. They conduct impulses from one part of the brain/spinal cord to another. In addition, most of them are multipolar

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17
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Efferent neurons that conduct impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles. In addition, most of the are multipolar

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18
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

The “nerve glue” that nourishes and supports the neurons

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19
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

The phagocytose bacteria and cellular debris. If there are blood borne immune cells, they have limited access to CNS

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20
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

They provide insulating myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

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21
Q

What are Schwan cells?

A

They provide insulating myelin sheath around axons in PNS

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22
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

They are found between blood vessels and neurons of CNS and regulate nutrient flow.

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23
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

The chemicals flowing into the brains are tightly regulated

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24
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

They are cells that control the chemical environment and nutrient flow to neurons in PNS

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25
What are ependymal cells?
They are cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid in CNS
26
What is a synapse?
It is the gap between a neuron and another cell
27
What is the presynaptic neuron?
The neuron sending the information
28
What is the post synaptic neuron?
The neuron that is receiving the information
29
What is the synaptic transmission?
Sending a message across a synapse
30
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical signals that travel across synapse to rely information
31
What is adrenaline ?
The fight or flight, stress neurotransmitters for physical boost
32
What is noradrenaline?
It is the fight or flight, stress neurotransmitters for heightened awareness
33
What is dopamine?
A neurotransmitters for pleasure, motivation, and repeat behaviors
34
What is serotonin?
It is the mood, happiness, regular sleep, exercise, and light exposure neurotransmitters
35
What is GABA?
Aminobutyric acid that is calming and can be found in alcohol and chamomile tea
36
What are endorphins?
Neurotransmitters for euphoria and pain relief. Also, for exercise and excitement
37
What is the resting potential?
The electrical charge difference in a resting nerve cell
38
What is an action potential?
The change in electrical charges along axon in firing neuron
39
What is the threshold potential?
The amount of depolarization at axon hillock before axon fires (-55mV). Also, the all or nothing potential
40
What is depolarization?
It is when gated channels open and allow sodium ions to flow into cell. Additionally, the inside becomes less negatively charged
41
What is repolarization?
When gated channel allow for potassium ions to flow out of the cell. Restores positive charge outside of the cell
42
At what rate do unmyelinated axons travel?
O.5 m/s which is slow
43
At what rate do myelinated axons travel?
120 m/s which is fast
44
What is a nerve?
Bundle of axons
45
What are the cerebral hemispheres in the cerebrum?
Left and right
46
What is the corpus callosum in the cerebrum?
What connects the cerebral hemispheres
47
What happens when the corpus callosum is cut?
It can treat seizures but this is the last resort
48
What is alien hand syndrome?
It is when one can’t consciously control a hand
49
What is the split brain syndrome?
It is where each hemisphere has its own perception
50
What is the cerebral cortex?
The outer layer and gray matter
51
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Reasoning, planning, motivation, reward, and consequence
52
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Spatial sense, navigation, and touch
53
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Hearing, language comprehension, and memory(anterograde)
54
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Vision, color differentiation, and motion perception
55
What is the thalamus?
Receives sensory impulses (except smell) and relays to cerebral cortex
56
What is the hypothalamus?
Maintains homeostasis by linking nervous system and endocrine system
57
What is the limbic system responsible for?
It is a combination of brain areas. It controls emotions and guides behavior by causing unpleasant feelings
58
What is the brain stem?
It is what connects the cerebrum to spinal cord
59
What is the midbrain?
Reflex centers
60
What are the pons?
Relay sensory impulses to cerebrum
61
What is the medulla oblongata?
It controls vital visceral activity such as cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center.
62
What is reticular information?
Scattered network of nerve fibers in the brain stem. It controls awareness, decreased activity. Leads to sleep,, and impaired activity leads to coma
63
What is cerebellar cortex?
The thin layer of gray matter on surface. It integrates body position from sensory input with movements of skeletal muscle to maintain posture. Any damage leads to uncoordinated movements
64
What are ascending tracts?
They carry sensory information to the brain
65
What are descending tracts?
They carry motor instructions to muscles

Biology 007 (40 decks)

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