Lecture 7: Plant Diversity 1

Question 1

How did plants adapt to land?

Answer 1

Plants obtained water from their root anchor that was used to absorb water and minerals. To prevent water loss, plants used cuticle-waxy coating around the plant tissue. Plants still use carbon fixation to create photosynthesis and organic fuels. They used their stomata to make openings for CO2 to enter. In addition, plants were adapting to high temperatures. However, despite differences, the plants still were vulnerable during their embryo stage.

Question 2

What is a stomata?

Answer 2

The opening for CO2 to enter

Question 3

What are non-vascular plants?

Answer 3

Plants that lack structures to draw up water and do not grow super high.

Question 4

What are bryophytes?

Answer 4

The general term for non vascular plants that grow low to the ground. They are also plants that need a damp environment to thrive. Additionally, need water to reproduce.

Question 5

What are the structures for bryophytes? Ignore

Answer 5

1. Gametophyte
2. Sporophyte

Question 6

From who did land plants evolve from?

Answer 6

A protista ancestor of green algae(chlorophyta) about 500 million years ago during the ordovician period

Question 7

What kingdom do plants belong to?

Answer 7

Kingdom Plantae

Question 8

What is the gametophyte structure of bryophytes?

Answer 8

The gametophyte or also known as the haploid stage(n). This is the dominant life stage for bryophytes. In addition, they have a rhizoid which is the anchor of the plant. They do not get any water or minerals like roots. They also have blades which are leaf-like structures. At this point, leaves are not yet a thing.

Question 9

What are sporophytes in bryophytes?

Answer 9

It is the diploid stage (2n). It has the seta which is the stalk growing out of the gametophyte. In addition, they also have a capsule which produces spores.

Question 10

What is the life cycle of bryophytes?

Answer 10

1. Bryophytes start off as haploid spores (n) that land and germinate into haploid protonemata (n).
   ~Protonemata translates to “first threads”. They grow to seek water.
2. After germinate, they grow into a “bud” that develops into a haploid gametophyte (n).
3. After, the gametophyte is the dominant life stage.
4. The male gametophyte is the antheridia which produces sperm (n).
5. The female gametophyte is the archegonia which produces an egg (n)
6. The sperm is flagellated and swims to the female egg. To occur, there must be water. When the sperm unites with the egg, fertilization occurs producing a diploid zygote (2n)
7. After, the diploid zygote forms, it develops into a diploid sporophyte (2n) that grows from the top of the female gametophyte.
   ~The bottom of the sporophyte is known as the foot which is attached to the archegonia and absorbs nutrients from female gametophyte. The stalk is known as the seta. The capsule contains sporangium tissue and produces spores through meiosis. What covers the capsule is the operculum.

Question 11

What are some phylums for non-vascular plants?

Answer 11

1. Bryophyta
2. Hepatophyta
3. Anthocerotophyta

Question 12

What is the phylum bryophyta?

Answer 12

They are true mosses and translate to “moss plant”.

Question 13

What is the phylum hepatophyta?

Answer 13

They are liverworts and translate to “liver plant”. They contain a thallus which is the flattened and lobed leaf structure.

Question 14

How does hepatophyta reproduce (sexual)?

Answer 14

In sexual, they reproduce and contain a male and female gametophyte (antheridia and archegonia). They also contain a sporophyte which produce spores.

Question 15

How does hepatophyta reproduce (asexual)?

Answer 15

In asexual, they reproduce through gemmae cups. Gemmae are buds. When it rains it hits the gemmae cup and scatters the germmae all over.

Question 16

What is the phylum anthocerotophyta?

Answer 16

They are hornworts and translate to “flower horn plants”. In this, the sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte and resemble horns

Question 17

What are seedless vascular plants?

Answer 17

Plants that have structures to draw up water but lack seeds.

Question 18

What is the vascular tissue structure in seedless plants?

Answer 18

They contains the structure of xylem. Xylem is the structure that moves water and minerals up to the plant. The phloem is the structure that moves organic material such as sugars and amino acids.

Question 19

What is the root structure in seedless plants?

Answer 19

They are the true roots. They anchor the plants but now also absorb water and nutrients from the soil. They also have leaves which increase the surface area for photosynthesis. The leaf can be microphyll which has 1 strand of vascular tissue. They can also be megaphyll which contain a branched tissue of vascular tissue.

Question 20

What is the life cycle of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 20

1. A haploid spore lands and germinates into a haploid gametophyte (n)
2. After, the gametophyte has both male and female structures which can be antheridia and archegonia.
3. Next, the antheridia produces flagellated sperm that swims to the archegonia of a different gametophyte. For this to occur, it needs water.
4. After, fertilization occurs to produce a zygote (2n)
5. The zygote develops into a sporophyte (2n). They grow from the remains of the gametophyte. In addition, the sporophyte is the dominant life stage.
6. The sporophyte matures and produces sporangium tissue.
7. The sporangium then produces spores through meiosis and releases spore to create the cycle again.

Question 21

What are some phylums for seedless vascular plants?

Answer 21

1. Pteridophyta
2. Psilophyta
3. Sphenophyta
4. Lycophyta

Question 22

What is the phylum pteridophyta?

Answer 22

They are true ferns and translate to “fern plant”.

Question 23

What is the structure of pteridophyta(not mature)?

Answer 23

They contain a frond which is a megaphyll leaf. They also contain the rhizome which is a underground stem. In addition, they have a fiddlehead which is a tightly coiled young fern that comes from the rhizome.

Question 24

What are some structures of pteridophyta(mature)?

Answer 24

They contain sori which is another structure which are clusters of sporangia on the underside of the leaf(similar to dots). The prothallus is the heart shaped gametophyte.

Question 25

What is the phylum psilophyta?

Answer 25

They are whisk ferns and translate to “bare plants” because they have no leaves.

Question 26

What is a genus of psilophyta?

Answer 26

Psilotum which are whisk ferns

Question 27

What is the phylum sphenophyta?

Answer 27

They are horsetails that translate to “wedge plant”. They have extinct ancestors that had wedge shaped leaves. Now, they are microphyll leaves and look nothing like their ancestor.

Question 28

What is a genus for sphenophyta?

Answer 28

Equisetum which is horsetail and the only remaining genus.

Question 29

What is the phylum lycophyta?

Answer 29

A club moss that translates to “wolf plant”. They have strobili which are cone-like structures that contain sporangia. They are also have microphyll leaves.

Question 30

What is a genus for lycophyta?

Answer 30

Lycopodium which is “wolf’s foot” or also club moss