Lecture 3 Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
Levels of animal organization
A
- protoplasmic
- cellular
- cell-tissue
- tissue-organ
- organ-system
2
Q
Organization - Protoplasmic
A
- unicellular organisms
- differentiated organelles perform specific life functions
3
Q
Organization - Cellular
A
- Aggregation of cells with functional differentiation
- division of labour among cells
4
Q
Organization - Cell-Tissue
A
- aggregation of cells into tissues with defined patterns or layers, but not complex enough to be organs
5
Q
Organization - Tissue-Organ
A
- aggregation of tissues into organs
- organs conatin MORE THAN ONE type of tissue
6
Q
Organization - Organ-System
A
- Organs work together as a physiological system to perform some function
- systems are associated with body functions
7
Q
Organ systems in metazoans
A
- respiratory
- digestive
- circulatory
- skeletal
- immune
- excretory
- endocrine
- nervous
- integumentary
- reproductive
- muscular
8
Q
Tissue
A
- An aggregation of cells
- the fundamental structure of which animal organs are composed
9
Q
Tissue Types
A
- epithelial
- connective
- muscular
- nervous
10
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
sheets of cells that cover an external or internal surface
11
Q
Connective Tissue
A
tissues specialized to bind and support other tissues
12
Q
Muscular Tissue
A
tissue specialized for movement
13
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
tissues specialized for the reception and conduction of stimuli and impulses
14
Q
Types of epithelial tissue
A
- simple squamous
- simple cuboidal
- simple columnar
- stratified squamous
- transitional
15
Q
Simple squamous epithelium
A
- flattened carpet of cells
- short diffusion distance facilitates movement of gases or other molecules
16
Q
Simple cuboidal epithelium
A
- short box-like cells
- active secretory or absorptive epithelia
17
Q
Simple columnar epithelium
A
- tall elongated cells
- associated with highly absorptive surfaces
typically have microvilli
18
Q
Stratified squamous epithelium
A
- layers of cells withstand mechanical abrasion
- continuous mitotic divisions at the bottom (basal) layer replace those that shed at surface
19
Q
Transitional epithelium
A
- layered but specialized to accommodate great stretching
20
Q
Types of connective tissue
A
- loose
- dense
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
21
Q
Loose connective tissue
A
- anchors other tissues and organs or acts as stuffing (adipose tissue)
- contains strong and elastic fibers produced by fibroblasts
22
Q
Dense connective tissue
A
- forms strong tissues that support and connect muscles
23
Q
Cartilage
A
- composed of a firm gel matrix containing cells (chondrocytes) nestled amongst collagen or elastic fibers
- only in vertebrates
- no blood supply
24
Q
Bone
A
- strongest connective tissue
- small pockets in matrix contain bone cells (osteocytes)
- only found in vertebrates
25
Types of of muscular tissue
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
26
Skeletal muscle
- very long cylindrical fibers, which are MULTINUCLEATED
- cells appear to have stripes (striations) bc of overlapping thick and thin filaments (myosin and actin)
- found in vertebrates and invertebrated
27
Smooth muscle
- non-striated muscle composed of elongated cells
- typically slower acting than skeletal
- ONE nucleus per cell
- found in vertebrates and invertebrates
28
Cardiac muscle
- short cells that make a branching network of fibers
- ONE nucleus per cell
- found only in the vertebrate heart
29
Types of nervous tissue
- neurons
- neuroglia
30
Neurons
- have a nucleated cell body
- dendrites extend from the cell body and receive information
- axon carries information to synaptic terminals that pass on information
31
Neuroglia
- non-nervous cells that support the function of the neurons
32
Eumetazoans
all multicellular animals except sponges
33
Body fluids in eumetazoans
- Plasma
- Lymph
- Hemolymph
- Interstital fluid
34
Plasma
fluid portion of blood outside cells
- only in animals with closed circulatory system
35
Lymph
fluid in the lymphatic system
- only in animals with closed circulatory system
36
Hemolymph
replacement for blood in animals with open circulatory system
37
Intersitial fluid
fluid that occupies space surrounding cells
38
Types of symmetry
- asymmetry
- spherical
- radial
- bilateral
39
Asymmetry
a lack of any symmetry in body form
- protozoans (amoeba)
- poriferans (sponges)
40
Spherical Symmetry
- any plane that passes through the center divides the body equally
- rare - only in protozoans not metazoans
- lack polarity
41
Radial Symmetry
- animal is divided equally by MORE THAN TWO planes passing through the longitudinal axis
- tubular (Cylindrical) or bowl shaped animals
- usually sessile, free floating, or weakly swimming animals
42
Bilateral Symmetry
- body parts arranged around a soungle axis, anterior to posterior
- division along the sagittal plane results in two equal halves
- associated with cephalization - a concentration of nervous tissue and sense organs to one end of the body
43
Bilateria
The clade representing bilaterally symmetrical
44
Coelom
body cavity within bilateria
- enables internal organs to grow larger and become more elaborate
- fluid filled cavity cushions internal organs, preventing injury
45
Acoelomate
- no true coelom (body cavity)
- region between ectoderm and gut occupied by mesoderm
46
Pseudocoelomate
- have a pseudocoel
- tube within a tube arrangement
- No mesodermal smooth tissue membrane lining the coelom
47
Coelomate
- true coelom lined with peritoneum derived from mesoderm
48
Blastopore
First opening in embryo
49
Protostomia
The blastopore becomes the moth
50
Deuterostomia
The blastopore becomes the anus
51
Allometry
The study of biological scaling - how aspects of animal biology vary with body size
52
Isometric growth
No change in body shape during growth/development
53
Allometric growth
change in shape during development. ratios between parts change as size changes
54
Metabolic Rate
the amount of energy used by an organism per unit time
55
Hyperallometric
a body part that grows faster than expected
56
Hypoallometric
a body part that grows slower than expected
