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BIOL 2001 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

unicellular eukaryotes are capable of …

A
  • feeding
  • digesting
  • osmoregulating
  • moving
  • reproducing
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2
Q

Unicellular eukaryotes have evolved specialized ________ not seen in _______

A

organelles, metazoans

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3
Q

The ways unicellular eukaryotes can move

A
  • ciliary locomotion
  • flagellar locomotion
  • amoeboid locomotion
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4
Q

what is ciliary locomotion in unicellular eukaryotes

A

hair-like outgrowths from the cell surface as a means of directed movement

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5
Q

what is flagellar locomotion in unicellular eukaryotes

A

whip-like outgrowths from the cell surface as a means of propeller movement

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6
Q

what is amoeboid locomotion in unicellular eukaryotes

A

using pseudopodia or frre form projections of the cell as a means of movement

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7
Q

cilia propel water in a direction _______ to the cell surface

A

parallel

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8
Q

the types of strokes in ciliary locomotion

A
  • power stroke
  • recovery stroke
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9
Q

what is a power stroke in ciliary locomotion

A

stiffened cilia propel water parallel to cell surface

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10
Q

what is a recovery stroke in ciliary locomotion

A

cilia ben toward the cell surface to reduce resistance

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11
Q

what is metachronal beating

A

the movement of many cilia in a sequencce producing the appearance of a wave

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12
Q

a flagellum propels water parallel to the _____ _____ of the flagellum

A

main axis

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13
Q

how many flagella do unicellular eukaryotes typically have

A

only one or a few

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14
Q

classic amoemoid locomotion is powered by…

A

cytoplasmic streaming inside the pseudopodia

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15
Q

what is cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of fluid inside a cell, driven by forces created by the cytoskeleton

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16
Q

in amoeboid locomotion - folding and unfolding of ______ and ______ filaments drives movement of _________ forward by creating _______ _______.

A

myosin and actin
pseudopodia
pressure gradients

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17
Q

in amoeboids - what is the texture of ectoplasm

A

gel like

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18
Q

in amoeboids - what is the texture of endoplasm

A

fluid

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19
Q

what are autotrophs

A

animals which synthesize their own food (do not eat other organisms)

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20
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

consume organic molecules synthesied by other organisms

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21
Q

what are phagotrophs

A

ingest visible particles (chunks)

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22
Q

what are osmotrophs

A

absorb soluble food (chemicals)

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23
Q

what is a stigma

A

an eye like structure
- sense light direction and intensity

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24
Q

what is endocytosis

A

the engulfment of material through membrane invagination

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25
what is phagocytosis
- a type of endocytosis - eating by the cell - to consume large particles - extending membrane around particle - solids/chunks
26
phagotrophs use _______ to consume large particles
phagocytosis
27
osmotrophs use _______ to consume soluble material
pinocytosis
28
what is pinocytosis
- a type of endocytosis - drinking by the cell - to consume soluble particles - absorbing particle - liquids/macromolecules
29
what is a didinium
a free living ciliate carnivore
30
what is exocytosis
removal of undigested material via fusion of the digestive vacuole with the cell membrane
31
what is passive diffusion
crossing easily through cell membrane as a means of ingesting or digesting
32
what is a cytoproct
an extretory pore - waste materials will accumulate in a vacuole near the cytoproct and is discharged
33
what are contractile vacuoles
- specialized organelles for osmoregulation - fills with water and expels it from the organism
34
what is osmoregulation
the constant keeping the balance of water pressure by controlling intake out output of water and salt
35
what kind of reproduction do unicellulareukaryotes do
- asexual - sexual
36
what does the phylum porifera include
sponges
37
what are the characteristics of the phylum porifera
- sessile - no organs - functionally distinct cell types that work together - canal systems
38
how do sponges feed
- through canal systems - filter feeders - water pumped through canals into the body where food is collected
39
what does sessile mean
does not move
40
what are the porifera cell types
- choanocytes - archeocytes - secretory cells - pinacocytes - porocytes
41
what are choanocytes in sponges
- egg shaped cells that line canal systems - have an exposed end w a collar forming a filtration system - flagella creates a current that pulls water through the filter
42
what are archeocytes in sponges
- amoeboid cells that move through the mesohyl - totipotent - collect and metabolize food particles sent from choanocytes
43
what are secretory cells in sponges
- produce spicules through secretions made of minerals or proteins - also called sclerocytes
44
what are pinacocytes in sponges
- form a protective outer lining of the sponge - also line some internal canals where choanocytes arent present - skin barrier
45
what are porocytes in sponges
- form ostia in the pinacoderm that allow water to flow through frrely into the inside of the sponge
46
what is the mesohyl in sponges
- gelatinous matrix filling the inside of the body sponge - acts as an endoskeleton to maintain sponge's shape
47
what are ostia in sponges
channels
48
what does totipotent mean
- can differentiate into other cell types - like stem cells
49
what are spicules in sponges
- microscopic needle like structures that form the skeleton of most sponges - can also help defend the sponge from predators
50
what is the pinacoderm in sponges
the layer of pinacocytes
51
what are the porifera canal types (least complex to most complex)
- asconoid - syconoid - leuconoid
52
what are asconoids
- simplest body form sponge - small and tube shaped sponge - water enters through dermal pores and flows into the spongocoel and out the osculum
53
what is an osculum
the large excurrent canal of a sponge
54
what is a spongocoel
the central atrium of a sponge
55
what are syconoids
- cnalas are flagellated (lined with choanocytes - spongocoel cavity is lined with choanocytes
56
what are leuconoids
- chambers lined with choanocytes connected by canals with no choanocytes - most sponges - no spongocoel - some have more than one osculum (multiple ocula)
57
how do sponges reproduce
- sexual - asexual
58
how does asexual reproduction in porifera work
- by producing gemmules - budding - fragmentation
59
what are gemmules
- a method of asexual reproduction in sponges - like little babies
60
what are gemmules resistant to that would kill adult sponges
- freezing - desiccation - anoxia
61
what is desiccation
drying out
62
what is anoxia
lack of oxygen
63
how does sexual reproduction in porifera work
- they produce sperm and/or egg cells - fertilization occurs - larvae are produced - larvae sink to the substrate - larvae grow into mature sponges
64
what does monoecious
produce both sperm and egg cells
65
sperm in sponges is formed from ...
modified choanocytes
66
eggs in sponges is formed from ...
archeocytes in the mesohyl
67
where does sponge egg fertilization occur
internally or the water column

BIOL 2001 (21 decks)

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