practice

Question 1

a blastula develops into which state as the gut cavity develops

Answer 1

gastrula

Question 2

which of these is an example of the protoplasmic level of organization
- a hydra
- an ameoba
- an earthworm
- an insect

Answer 2

an ameoba

Question 3

which of the following is true regarding animals with bilateral symmetry:
- can be divided into similar halves by any plane through the longitudinal axis
- are usually slow moving animals
- are relatively simple in structure
- are better adapted for directed forward movement than radially symmetrical organisms

Answer 3

are better adapted for directed forward movement rathe than radially symmetrical organisms

Question 3

what type of tissue lines body cavities and covers body surfaces

Answer 3

epithelial tissue

Question 3

what is the correct sequence of increasing organizational complexity?

Answer 3

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 4

a phylogeny based on evolutionary theory will:
- explain variations among fossils from rock strata
- explain similarities and differences among modern living groups
- reflect patterns of shared and unique sections of DNA among groups of animals
- all of the above

Answer 4

all of the above

Question 4

what character similarity that results from common embryology, and therefore common ancestry, called?

Answer 4

homology

Question 5

which of the following do vertebrates have:
- bilateral symmetry
- coelomate body plan
- a tube-within-a-tube body plan
- all of the choices are correct

Answer 5

all of the choices are correct

Question 5

animals with organs in a cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm are called

Answer 5

pseudocoelomate

Question 6

who developed the present system of classification

Answer 6

carolus linnaeus

Question 7

the correct usage of the term protozoa is a(n)
- phylum
- class
- separate kingdom
- order
- informal cluster of groups with complicated and uncertain phyletic relationship

Answer 7

informal cluster of groups with complicated and uncertain phyletic relationship

Question 8

what is the function of the contracile vacuole in protozoa

Answer 8

water balance

Question 9

a list of characters of the phylum cnidaria are below. which is a characteristic that both porifera and cnidaria have in common
- a nervous system which coordinates actions of the animal
- specialized cells designated to carry out specific functions
- tissues
- true radial symmetry

Answer 9

specialized cells designated to carry out specific functions

Question 9

which statement about adult sponges is false?
- their bodies are aggregations of one cell type
- they do not have a mouth
- they are usually asymmetrical
- their apparent simple structure is deceptive

Answer 9

their bodies are aggregations of one cell type

Question 9

assume zoologists have conclusively determined that the cells found within the mesoglea of virtually all cnidarians are ctenophorans are endodermal in origin. this discovery would establish that:
- they are both true diploblasts
- they are both true triploblasts
- they are both closley related to placozoa
- they are both derived from the poriferan lineage

Answer 9

they are both true triploblasts

Question 10

Many relationships exist between cnidarians and other animals. Which of the
statements below does not support this statement:
a. Cnidarians may live commensally with crabs and other shelled creatures.
b. Cnidarians often live parasitically with crabs and other shelled creatures.
c. Some animals may eat nematocyst-bearing cnidarians and use these stinging structures in their own defense.
d. Fish may fall prey to cnidarian predation and medusae are also a food
source for fish

Answer 10

b. Cnidarians often live parasitically with crabs and other shelled creatures

Question 10

A Turbellarian feeds by

Answer 10

Obtaining food particles from the vetral surface

Question 11

In flame cells:
a. Light is detected.
b. Ciliated sperm are stored.
c. Undigested food is expelled.
d. Slow fires burn food for energy.
e. Cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion

Answer 11

e. Cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion

Question 12

The gastropods are a very diverse group. However, even with this great diversity
they:
a. All undergo torsion during development.
b. Have yet to be discovered on land and are thought to be entirely aquatic.
c. All have a muscular mantle cavity used for locomotion.
d. All Have a foot modified into eight arms

Answer 12

a. All undergo torsion during development

Question 12

Rotifer corona contain cilia that _____________.

Answer 12

allow for feeding

Question 13

While wading in the ocean, you find a shelled animal using its radula to graze algae off of rocks. As you approach and try and pick it up you find it tightly suction-cupped to the rocks. Additionally, you notice that it has a body protected by eight armored plates (valves). This would be enough evidence to come to the conclusion that you have found a member of the class:

Answer 13

Polyplacophora

Question 14

Of the members of the Lophotrochozoa that we studied, which one of those
listed below has a circulatory system most similar to that of the typical Annelida?
a. Platyhelminthes
b. Bivalvia
c. Gastropoda
d. Cephalopoda

Answer 14

d. Cephalopoda

Question 15

Of the statements listed below, which indicates that an animal is a member of
the Subphylum Crustacea?
a. A pair of antennae
b. No antennae
c. Two pairs of antennae
d. Uniramous appendages

Answer 15

c. Two pairs of antennae

Question 15

The insects have become the dominant animal group on planet earth, but they
were not the only land dwelling animals with an exoskeleton, so what particular advantage did insects have over the Chelicerata that facilitated their success?

Answer 15

the ability to fly with the advent of wings

Question 16

Why would taxonomists think that vertebrate animals (such as reptiles or mammals) are more closely related to a sea star than an octopus? After all, the octopus has a brain, well developed eyes and other attributes that seem more like vertebrates.

Answer 16

the reason stems from early embryological developmental patterns that sea star and vertebrates have in common

Question 17

What structures connect the tube feet in each arm of the Asteroidea with the central water vascular system?

Answer 17

the radial canals

Question 18

Which one of the following groups always possess all five hallmark chordate characteristics as adults? a. Vertebrata b. Urochordata c. Cephalochordata d. Pterobranchia

Answer 18

c. Cephalochordata

Question 18

The Echinoidea are quite different in appearance from the Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. What is one major difference? a. They have six arms that are shorter than in the star shaped classes. b. They are covered with movable spines that vary in length depending on the species. c. The have tube feet. d. They are anchored to rocks and cannot move

Answer 18

b. They are covered with movable spines that vary in length depending on the species

Question 19

A notochord is most correctly defined as: a. a primitive spine. b. the tissue that becomes the dorsal nerve cord. c. a flexible rod extending the length of the body. d. embryonic tissue that develops into bone and cartilage. e. any tissue that functions in the role of a dorsal tubular nerve cord

Answer 19

c. a flexible rod extending the length of the body.

Question 20

What is the defining characteristic shared by the sharks, skates, and rays that gives the group their name, class Chondrichthyes.

Answer 20

A cartilaginous skeleton

Question 20

The cladistic use of the term "fish"

Answer 20

would also include the common ancestor with land vertebrates (including us) and a strict cladist (someone who advocates for monophyletic groupings) would then include us in "fish."

Question 20

The term "tetrapods" a. Refers to the organisms that form the superclass Tetrapoda. b. Includes the amphibians and amniotes. c. Does not include the fish. d. Includes humans. e. All of the above.

Answer 20

e. All of the above

Question 20

The ostracoderms... a. Are the adult form of the ammocoete. b. Were the first vertebrate to have jaws. c. Are an extinct group of heavily armored, jawless fish. d. Were the first fish with paired fins that led to paired appendages. e. Were the first jawed animals

Answer 20

c. Are an extinct group of heavily armored, jawless fish.

Question 21

There is a higher percentage of oxygen in the air than in water. So why is it that when you take most fish out of water they cannot breathe and die even when their gills are still moist?

Answer 21

Because fish respiration is dependent on a countercurrent movement of water across the huge membrane surface area available when gill filaments are suspended in water. This surface area collapses into a single lump when in the air.

Question 21

Which feature in the following list of amphibian characteristics is a distinct advantage for the amphibious lifestyle but a strong disadvantage for life away from aquatic or moist environments? a. Lymph hearts b. Ectothermic temperature regulation c. Cutaneous respiration d. Presence of glands in the skin

Answer 21

c. Cutaneous respiration

Question 22

Certain muscles in birds need to be more massive, relative to body size, than in non-avian species. Identify the skeletal structure that provides a large surface area for attachment of these massive muscles critical to flying birds.

Answer 22

Sternum with keel

Question 22

The term “teleost” describes the “bony fish”. Which groups does this term apply to? a. Acanthodii, actinopterygii, and sarcopterygii b. Chondricthyes and agnatha c. Myxini and placoderms d. Agnatha, craniata, and osteichthyes e. None of the choices are correct

Answer 22

e. None of the choices are correct

Question 22

We don't find the eggs of garter snakes, rattlesnakes, and copperheads because they retain the eggs internally. Their young appear to be born alive, but actually hatch from their eggs inside the female. These snakes are ___________.

Answer 22

ovoviviparous

Question 22

37. All of the following are characteristics of modern amphibians except one. Select the exception. a. Cephalization b. Separate sexes c. Smooth moist skin d. Endothermic e. Bony skeleton

Answer 22

d. Endothermic

Question 23

What group of extant amniotes developed directly from a synapsid ancestor? a. Reptiles b. Mammals c. Crocodilians d. Avian reptiles

Answer 23

b. Mammals

Question 23

What major adaptation permitted a group of vertebrate animals to free themselves from being tied to water for reproduction and embryonic development

Answer 23

Development of an egg that resisted drying

Question 24

Glands found in the mammalian integument include the sebaceous glands, which produce __________, and the ___________ glands which produce milk.

Answer 24

sebum, mammary

Question 24

Which statement correctly describes what is known about the evolution of feathers. a. Feathers were probably used by therapod dinosaurs for functions other than flight, for example thermoregulation or courtship displays. b. Feathers were probably never used by theropod dinosaurs for flight or gliding as no fossils have been discovered showing asymmetrical feathers. c. Archaeopteryx lacked feathers. d. Feathers are a synapomorphy of Neognathae, but are not found in Paelognathae

Answer 24

a. Feathers were probably used by therapod dinosaurs for functions other than flight, for example thermoregulation or courtship displays.

Question 24

All mammals share the following characteristic(s): a. Hair b. Mammary glands c. A diaphragm d. Middle ear bones e. All of the choices are correct

Answer 24

e. All of the choices are correct

Question 24

In order to fly, birds must have which of the following adaptation(s)? a. A lightweight skeleton b. A highly efficient respiratory system c. A high-pressure circulatory system d. Well-developed nervous and sensory systems e. All of these adaptations are necessary for flight

Answer 24

e. All of these adaptations are necessary for flight

Question 25

The simplest canal system is found in ____________ sponges

Answer 25

asconoid

Question 25

A duckbilled platypus is a somewhat strange mammal because it

Answer 25

doesn't dive live birth but lays eggs

Question 25

The term that forms the root for the clade Ecdysozoa describes a characteristic event called ____________ that occurs in all animals that belong to the group

Answer 25

ecdysis

Question 26

_________________ is a fibrous protein found in connective tissue, and is probably the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.

Answer 26

collagen

Question 26

Calcareous or siliceous elements of the sponge body wall provide support. These elements are called ______________

Answer 26

spicules

Question 26

Arthropods are protostomes and have ______________ symmetry, unlike ___ __________, a deuterostome group that evolved ______________ radial symmetry early in their diversification

Answer 26

bilateral, echinoderms, secondary/pentaramous

Question 27

Animals that lack a coelom or a pseudocoel are termed ____________

Answer 27

acoelomates

Question 28

Many cnidarians have two parts to the life cycle: a free swimming __________ and the substrate bound ___________

Answer 28

medusa, polyp

Question 28

Turbellarians have light-sensitive organs called _______________ or eyespots

Answer 28

occeli

Question 29

Most annelids have excretory structures called _____________ that extract wastes from coelomic compartments in each segment of the body. These differ in structure, but serve a similar function to the _____________ of Platyhelminthes (e.g. Turbellaria)

Answer 29

nephridia, protonephridia

Question 30

If you order crab at the seafood restaurant, the waiter usually brings a tool that looks a little bit like a nut cracker in order to break the ____________ of the leg so that you can get to the meat inside

Answer 30

cuticle/procuticle

Question 31

In contrast to the urochordates, the cephalochordates have some characteristics that would appear a tiny bit more familiar to those who were expecting all chordate to look something like a vertebrate. For example, cephalochordates have __________________ that resemble the gill slits of some fishes

Answer 31

pharyngeal slits

Question 31

Unlike most invertebrate phyla, the nerve cord of chordates is single, tubular, and located __________ to the alimentary canal.

Answer 31

dorsal

Question 31

____________, ______________, and ____________ are three examples of monophyletic groups of chordates

Answer 31

birds, mammals, amphibians

Question 32

The jawless vertebrates are called Agnatha, and the jawed vertebrates are called __________________.

Answer 32

gnathostomata

Question 32

The amniotic egg has four extra-embryonic layers, including the yolk sac, amnion, ____________ and ___________.

Answer 32

allantois, chorion

Question 33

The inner ear bones of mammals that contribute to our acute sense of hearing are the __________, _________, and stapes.

Answer 33

malleus, incus

Question 33

The "Age of Fishes" was in the ___________ period.

Answer 33

Devonian

Question 33

____________ is a hard fibrous protein found in scales, nails, and horns.

Answer 33

keratin

Question 34

During their annual growth, antlers develop beneath a covering of highly vascular skin called __________

Answer 34

velvet

Question 34

Because birds lack teeth to grind up food, they possess a _______ that accomplishes this task.

Answer 34

gizzard

Question 34

Amphibians were the first vertebrate invaders of land, but most still must return to the water to _______________.

Answer 34

reproduce

Question 34

The flight muscles of birds include the _________ and ____________, which raise, and lower the wings, respectively.

Answer 34

supracoracoideus, pectoralis

Question 34

Your friend Melanie finds a caecilian in her tropical garden and calls you to ask what it is; she thinks it may be a worm or a snake. What traits would help you correctly identify this animal as a caecilian, and why?

Question 34

Briefly describe the five hallmark traits of chordates.

Question 34

________ share more recent ancestry with crocodiles and dinosaurs than crocodiles do with lizards and snakes.

Answer 34

birds

Question 34

Compare and contrast the three major forms of sponges. If it is helpful, use diagrams to label the flow of water into and out of the sponges.

Question 34

Animals such as mammals that maintain a high body temperature using an internal source of heat are called ____________.

Answer 34

endotherms

Question 34

How would you convince someone that annelids and molluscs share a common ancestor?

Question 35

Describe how some cnidarians obtain and digest food. How does this differ from the feeding and digestive strategies of a vertebrate, like a fish?

Question 35

Name the major organs that form the insect renal system and describe how these organs work together to maintain ion and water balance.

Question 35

How is gas moved into and out of each of the two types of teleost swim bladder? Describe the physiological processes involved.

Question 35

Discuss the transition from an aquatic environment to a terrestrial environment. What are the structural and physiological features required for such a move?

Question 35

Discuss some shared derived characters of non-avian reptiles and birds (e.g., skull, skin, etc.).

Question 35

Imagine you are a doctor and you have discovered a new genetic condition that adversely affected the development of structures in the human dermis. Which structures could be affected by this condition?

Question 35

Name and draw two types of feathers found in extant birds and describe their features.

Question 35

List three major components of the digestive system of birds and describe how each part contributes to digestion.