Lecture 4- Being selective: Attention 1 Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
How do people deal with their limited capacity of attention?
A
- become selective
- selected stimuli enters awareness
- selected stimuli then controls our behaviour
2
Q
What is attention?
A
set of mechanism for manging and modulating cognitive processing
3
Q
What is Dichotic listening?
A
two messages played to two ears
4
Q
What is shadowing?
A
forcing one message to be attended by requiring participants to repeat it
5
Q
What is cherry (1953) find in his study?
A
- same voice in same location- difficult
- same voice in different ear, easy
- shadowing was used
6
Q
what did particpantsnot notice in cherry (1953) study?
A
- speech reversal
- change of language
7
Q
What did the participants notice in cherry (1953)?
A
- change of speaker (M to F)
- insertion of steady tone
8
Q
outline Cherry (1953) findings?
A
- Selecting one message (by ear)
- Reduces processing of ignored message
- Physical properties of the ignored analysed
- Meaning is not extracted
9
Q
What did Dalton & Fraenkel (2012) find?
A
- if you were asked to attend to the women voice very few notice the gorilla
- if asked to attend to the men most notice the gorilla
10
Q
What did Broadbent (1858) suggest?
A
- capacity of processing physical features of things is unlimited (physical properties
- when extracting the abstract properties of things, it is difficult to do and limited in capacity.
- filter is used in between to select stimuli that have a specific physical property
- to select certain items to be processed one at a time
11
Q
what is included in physical properties?
A
pitch
location
12
Q
What is included in abstract properties?
A
meaning
category
13
Q
What Moray (1959) do in his study?
A
- shadowing
- he played instruction on peoples unattended ear
- then measured how many people noticed the instruction being played
14
Q
What did Moray (1959) find?
A
- Instructions without name: 3% noticed
- Instructions with name: 33% noticed
- Pre-warned instructions with name: 80% noticed
- Suggests some meaning is extracted from unattended
15
Q
What did Treisman (1960) do?
A
- played people stories from both ears
- asked ppts to repeat story from only one ear
- when message switched ears
- ppt sometimes followed the message rather than stay on the location of the message.
16
Q
Outline Treisman Attenuation theory (1960)?
A
- Filtering is incomplete
- Unattended leaks through the filter
- Different words in memory have different thresholds
- Special words might be activated by reduced input
- Same for primed words
17
Q
define attenuation
A
the reduction of the force, effect, or value of something
18
Q
What do Deutsch & Deutsch (1963) state about selection?
A
- selection occurs later
- Stimuli are selected at a late stage
- Memory storage and motor output
- Meaning for unattended stimuli is processed you just don’t know it
19
Q
What Norman state about late selection of attention?
A
- we base our selection decisions on the importance of objects
- pertinence / importance
- we are changing the priority in which we deal with the object
20
Q
What does the locus of selection debate state?
A
- Assumes different stages of processing follow stimulus presentation
- Physical features processed before we identify things and understand them
- Do we select stimuli before or after we process them for meaning
- Early selection: Selection after extraction of physical properties
- Late selection: Selection after complete processing
- That is the locus of selection debate
21
Q
What did corteen and & Wood (1972) do in their study?
A
- students were given a list of words and some words ppts received an electric shock
- asked to shadow and measured their Galvanic Skin response (sweating)
22
Q
What did Corteen & Wood (1972) find?
A
- Ignored shocked names generate GSR
- Ignored unshocked city names also give some GSR
23
Q
What did Treisman & Riley (1969) study to go against late selection?
A
- Attend to speech in one ear (digits)
- Detect targets in either ear (letters)
- On target detection stop shadowing and tap
24
Q
What did Treisman & Riley (1969) find?
A
target detection much worse on the unattended ear
hard for late selection to be explained
25
What did Underwood (1977) find in his study?
- RT was fastest when words were coherent
- when non of the words were similar the RT was slower
26
What is spatial attention?
Can you select a location and attend to it
* Even when you are looking at something else?
* If we can show this then we can separate:
* Overt attention:- what you are looking at with your eyes
* Covert attention:- what you are attending to psychologically
27
What did White Palmer Boyton (2018) conduct in his study?
- The case of Words
- present quick words to people
- ask them to determine if one the words is a anatomy/ category
28
what did White Palmer Boyton find?
- when ppts are focusing two sides of the monitor, they can only focus on one side (semantic)
- however with colour you are able to 2 sides
29
Can visual stimuli be identified without attention?
- Underwood and Thwaites (1982)
- peripheral unattended stimuli can affect central attended judgment
- semantic words slowed down RT
30
What did Most et al (2005) find?
- if white item tracked no one noticed the black item appearing on the screen
- if u tracked the black item everyone noticed the black item appearing on the screen
31
What is the Load theory?
* Locus of selection is BOTH early and late
* It depends on how hard the task is
* People have limited processing resources
* Spare resources always spill over to irrelevant
stimuli
* If the task is hard enough resources run out
before they can spill over
32
Who is the psychologist for the Load theory?
Lavie (2995)
33
How to test for the Load theory?
Flanker task
34
What happens during low perceptual load in attention tasks?
* Even though stimuli are processed
* The correct response is still made (usually)
* Late selection of the appropriate response
35
what is needed to enable late selection?
control processes
36
What is perceptual load?
- the load that stimuli place on perceptual processing
- all processing resources are used up
37
What occurs during low perceptual loads?
filtering fails
late selection
38
What occurs during high perceptual loads?
filtering succeeds
early selection
39
What is cognitive load?
* The load that task goals and priorities place on working memory
* Important for ensuring successful late selection
* High working memory load = impaired late selection
40
How does selection at multi loci with incomplete filtering occur?
1) Physical properties
2) Abstract properties
3) reports, awareness, memory
41
What does Bias competition state?
* Stimuli compete for limited capacity in multiple systems
* This competition can be biased in favour of relevant stimuli
* Stimuli can thus be “selected” at multiple loci
