Lecture 9- Production and Bilingualism Flashcards
(23 cards)
What steps occur during language production?
- semantic processing
- lexical processing
- phonological and phonetic encoding
- motor programming and articulation
What did the Picture Word Interference Paradigm find?
- Unrelated distractor takes 70 milliseconds longer
- semantically similar- takes 90 milliseconds longer
- phonological facilitation
what is phonological facilitation?
Similar to the tip of the tongue effect
What makes speech production and writing different?
- speech serves a social function, writing conveys facts and ideas
- writing must be taught
- writing involves extra stages of revision
What are the categories of writing?
- Motor
- Basic
- Complex
What are the benefits of handwriting?
- better letter recognition
- important to link learning to reading when learning to write
- Multi-model coupling is created between visual-auditive and motor components
Even when curvy writing is better overall, why is printing letters beneficial?
easier to recognise and isolate
What is the complex cognitive processing of writing?
Hayes & Flower (1986)
Planning
- activate own knowledge & readers’ knowledge
- organise ideas
- Set goals and aims in writing
Translation (sentence generation)
Revision
- superficial, deep
- these processes are interactive, not sequential
What did Hayes and Chenoweth (2003) find?
1) Proposer (planner)
2) Translator (in charge of basic processes)
3) Transcriber (in charge of motor processes)
4) Evaluator (in charge of revision)
Name Hayes (2012) levels of writing?
1) Control level
2) Process level
3) Resource level
What happens in the Control level of the three- level writing model?
- motivation
- goal setting
- current plan
- writing schemas
What happens at the process level in writing?
- collaborations and critics
- task materials
What happens in the resource level of writing?
- Attention
- LTM
- Working memory
- Reading
What makes a skilled writer?
- Plan for longer
- have specific goals
- write more than needed
- Review more
- know that writing is demanding
How does Grosjean (2012) define bilingualism?
emphasizes use: “use 2 or more languages in their everyday lives”
How does Valdes (2015) define bilingualism?
focus on ability: “are able to function even to a very limited degree in more than one language”
How does Mohantry (2019) define bilingualism?
focus on communication: ”meets communicative requirements in normal daily life in interactions
with speakers of more than one language”
How is bilingualism viewed in society?
- negatively
- Monolingualism is the norm
- Unbalanced bilingualism has negative effects
How many levels are there in the levels of language proficiency?
6
1) A1
2) A2
3) B1
4) B2
5) C1
6) C2
How does Age of Acquisition affect bilingualism?
those who learn language later will have a stronger accent and proficiency lowers
What occurs when individuals speak many different languages?
- Keep each language separate
- choose which language to use
- switch from one language to the other
What are the disadvantages of bilingualism?
- Less competent in each of their languages
- Reduce the use of each word
- less robust representation
What did Costa et al (2006) find about switching languages?
- Asymmetric switching costs, except for early bilinguals
- Linguistic control of the 2 languages is based on inhibitory processes
