Lecture 7- Long-term Memory Flashcards
(45 cards)
in what way do real life events differ?
- more personally meaningful
- more related to each other
- extended over timescales
- require different methodologies
What did Conway (2005) find?
Self- Memory system (SMS)
What are the features of the SMS model?
- SMS emphasizes interconnectedness:
- Organized knowledge base
- Working self
1) Contains an active goal hierarchy
2) Encodes to maintain coherence
3) Encodes to maintain correspondence
What themes does SMS have?
- work and relation theme
What is the hierarchy of the SMS?
1) Life story
2) Themes
3) Lifetime episodes
4) General events
5) Episodic memories
who came up with the dairy method?
Linton (1975)
What did Linton (1975) do?
Linton recorded two events each day in a diary that was kept for over 5 years.
Each month she randomly picked out two index cards and decided if she could remember the order of the events in memory and their dates.
What did Linton (1975) find?
The probability of recall decreased with time but increased if it had been tested before.
What did Wagnaa (1986) do?
Wagenaar also recorded two memorable events a day for six years
What did Wagnaar (1986) do differently from Linton?
salience,
emotional involvement,
pleasantness of the event.
Critical detail Q & A
What did Wagnaa (1968) find?
what and where were good cues
using when as a cue made it difficult
What was Brewer’s (1988) experiment?
- Brewer tested memory for randomly-selected events.
- Gave participants a buzzer and tape recorder – participants recorded what they were doing when buzzer sounded
What were Brewers (1988) findings?
26% resulted in correctly recalled events,
28% were incorrectly recalled, and
46% resulted in a blank.
Outline Rubins (1982) study?
- Rubin (1982) presented 48 participants with 125 words
e.g., “RIVER” “HOUSE” “BOOK” - Participants had 10-15s to write down a “memory for events in your life that you can specify as occurring at one particular place and time.”
Later, participants dated these 4855 memories.
What did Rubin (1982) find?
there is an extended recency effect
Outline Mayor, chater, and Brown study?
- Three groups of 20 participants
- 4 minutes to try to recall as many job, appointments, and things they had done (retrospective task) in the last day, week or year
What did Maylor, Chater and Brown (2001) find?
- in the first 30 seconds lots were recalled but as time went past, only one event was recalled
- Time scale invariance- same number of memories retrieved at the same rate
What did Moreton and Ward (2010) do?
Replicated & extended Maylor et al (2001).
Asked for recall of autobiographical events from
last 5 weeks,
last 5 months,
last 5 years
Then asked participants to date memories.
What did Moreton and Ward (2010)?
Time-Scale Invariance
Same number of memories retrieved at the Same rate.
Same relative recency effects (contiguity effect)
What is the Temporal Contiguity effect?
Tendency for successively recalled
news stories to have occurred on similar days (Lag 0 = same day)
What technology helps memory?
sense cam
google clips
google glass
narrative clip
What did Nielson et al. (2015) find?
- neural distance in the medial temporal lobe (MTL)
- the temporal dimension and spatail dimensions
What did Bertsen and Rubin (2008) find about events that appear in your brain involuntarily?
- strong recency
- more likely to be positive
What happens to memory when you age?
declines
