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Musculoskeletal Anatomy II > Lecture 6 - Brain > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Brain Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, Brainstem, Cerebellum

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1
Q

What are the two parts of the CNS?

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What is the spinal cord & where does it run?

A

Long, cylindrical bundle of nerve tissues that extends from the upper border of the atlas (C1) to the 1st/2nd lumbar vertebrae

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3
Q

What is at the end of the spinal cord where it narrows?

A

Conus Medullaris

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4
Q

What are the spinal nerves called that continue at the end of the spinal cord?

A

Cauda Equina

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5
Q

What are the two bulges/enlargements in the spinal cord? What do they supply?

A

Cervical & lumbar regions. They are motor & sensory nerves that come in & out of spinal cord to supply the arms & legs respectively.

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6
Q

What extends from the apex of the conus medullaris? What does it do?

A

CT filament called the filum terminale, anchors the cord to the 1st coccygeal segment

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7
Q

What are the 5 things that make up the cross section of the spinal cord?

A

White matter, grey matter, central canal, dorsal horns, ventral horns

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8
Q

What is the white matter vs. grey matter?

A

Mylinated, outer layer of spinal cord

Unmylinated, inner H-shaped portion of spinal cords

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9
Q

What is the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

Filled with CSF, runs longitudinally along length of spinal cord, continuous with ventricular system of the brain

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10
Q

What is the dorsal vs ventral horns?

A

Dorsal - sensory nerve tracts

Ventral - motor neurons

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12
Q

What does part of the medulla oblongata form?

A

4th ventricle

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13
Q

What nuclei are contained in the medulla oblongata

A

for CN IX, X, XI, XII

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14
Q

What is the decussation of the pyramids

A

Where the motor fibers from the right hemisphere cross to the left and vice versa

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15
Q

What are ‘pyramids’

A

The corticospinal tracts

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16
Q

What does the pons contain

A

fiber tracts connecting the medulla and cerebellum with upper portions of the brain, and respiratory center for determining volume of air in lungs

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17
Q

What nuclei does the pons contain

A

CN V (motor), VI, VII, and part of VIII

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18
Q

What are the 5 main things found in the midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncles, Substantia Nigra, Copora quadrigemina, Nuclei, cerebral aqueduct

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19
Q

What are cerebral peduncles

A

connecting tracts between the pons and cerebrum

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20
Q

What is the substantial nigra

A

Dopamine producing regions associated with reward addiction and movement

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21
Q

What is the corpora quadrigemina

A

Masses that make up the superior and inferior colliculi

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22
Q

What nuclei can be found in the mindbrain

A

for CN III, IV, V (sensory)

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23
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for

A

balance/posture, learning of motions, cognitive functions, and motor coordination “fine tunes motions”

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24
Q

What happens if the cerebellum is damaged

A

Lack of coordination in gait, speech, etc

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25
What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
Corpus callosum
26
What are the lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal
27
What is a gyrus
Convolution of the cortex
28
What is a sulcus
Fissure between to gyri
29
What happens in the cerebral cortex
sensorimotor integration and erceptive qualities of our experiences
30
What is the longitudinal sulcus/fissure
Divides the brain into right and left halves
31
What is the lateral (sylvian) sulcus
separates temporal from frontal lobes
32
What is the central sulcus
Separates the frontal from parietal lobes
33
What is the frontal lobe responsible for
primary motor activity, behavior, speech production
34
What is the parietal lobe responsible for
primary somatosensory and proprioception; association of somatosensory, vision, audition; formation of egocentric space and sense of self
35
What is the occipital lobe responsible for
vision
36
What is the temporal lobe responsible for
Audition, olfaction, memory
37
What is a homunculus
"little man" area of the brain where we have a little map of ourselves, both sensory and motor. (proprioception center)
38
Where is the sensory homunculus
represented on the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe
39
Where is the motor homunculus
Represented on the pre central gyrus of the frontal lobe
40
What is the thalamus
relay center where all senses except smell integrate
41
What is the function of the hypothalamus
Chief region for integration of the autonomic nervous system; produces ADH and Oxytocin; regulates thirst and body temperature
42
What is CN I
Olfactory nerve; give us our sense of smell
43
How does one test CN I
Wafting a non-irritating scent under a patient's nose
44
What is CN II
Optic Nerve; transmits retinal images to occipital lobe of brain
45
How does one test CN II
Smellen chart and fundoscopic examination
46
What is CN III
oculomotor nerve
47
What does the oculomotor nerve innervate
Superior, inferior, and medial recti, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris, and muscles that control pupilary constriction
48
What is CN IV
troclear nerve; innervates superior oblique muscle of the eye
49
What is CN VI
Abducens Nerve; innervates lateral rectus muscle of the eye
50
How does one test CN III, IV, VI
Observe the alignment of the eyes and have a patient follow a moving object with their eyes. Shine a light in their eye to test for pupillary constriction
51
What is CN V
trigeminal nerve
52
What does CN V innervate
Sensory to most of the face, motor to the muscles of mastication; responsible for the corneal reflex
53
How does one test CN V
Lightly touching face and cornea with a cotton swab, observe bite strength
54
What are the branches of CN V
V1, V2, V3 Opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, respectively
55
What is CN VII
Facial nerve
56
What does CN VII innervate
Muscles of facial expression, parasympathetic motor innervation to lacrimal gland
57
What are two notable branches of CN VII
Nerve to the stapedius, Chorda tympani (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
58
How des one test CN VII
observe patient ability to make facial expressions; test taste with making them identify a flavor
59
How does the corneal reflex work
Sensory information from the cornea goes out on CN V, but the efferent response is activated by CN VII
60
What is CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerve (audibular)
61
What are the main divisions of CN VIII
Vestibular branch that determines head position/acceleration info from the middle ear; cochlear branch processes sound information from the inner ear
62
How does one test CN VIII
With a tuning fork. Head movements can be introduced and observe the patient for nystagmus
63
What is CN IX
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
64
What does CN IX provide sensory innervation for
Carotid bodies/sinus, posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, middle ear, and fast from posterior 1/3 of tongue
65
What does CN IX provide motor innervation for
Stylopharyngeal muscle and parotid gland
66
How does one test CN IX
Assess ability to taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue; determine if sensation is intact on arches of the palate
67
What is CN X
Vagus nerve
68
What does CN X provide efferent parasympathetic innervation for
All organs below the neck down to the proximal half of the transverse colon, with the exception of the adrenal glands
69
What doe CN X provide motor innervation for
Muscles of speech such as the larynx, cricothyroid and pharyngeal constrictors
70
What is CN XI
Accessory nerve
71
What does CN XI innervate
Motor innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
72
How is CN XI tested
Ask the patine to contract the trap or SCM against resistance
73
What is CN XII
Hypoglossal Nerve
74
What does CN XII innervate
Motor innervation to all the muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus
75
How does one test CN XII
Ask patient to stick out his tongue. If it deviates, that indicates a dysfunction
76
True/False. The Cerebellum initiates movements.
False. It does not initiates movements, but is responsible for fine tuning motions
77
What does the Longitudinal fissure divide?
divides brain into left and right halves
78
What do the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus separates?
Temporal from frontal lobes
79
What does the central sulcus separate?
The frontal from parietal lobe

Musculoskeletal Anatomy II (10 decks)

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