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Pathology > Lecture 6: Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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2
Q

How many nephrons does a kidney contain?

A

More than a million

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3
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

Filter waste produces from the blood, reabsorb water and nutrients from the tubular fluid and secrete excess substances in the form of urine

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4
Q

What are congenital diseases of the urinary system?

A
  • Anomalies of number and size
  • Anomalies of rotation, position and fusion
  • Anomalies of renal pelvis and ureter
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5
Q

What is unilateral renal agenesis?

A

A rare congenital anomaly in which only one kidney forms

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6
Q

What is supernumerary kidney?

A

A rare anomaly in which a small, third kidney forms

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7
Q

What is hypoplastic kidney?

A

Appears as a miniature replica of normal kidney, with good function

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8
Q

What is malrotation?

A

Rotation on the longitudinal or horizontal axis

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9
Q

What is an ectopic kidney?

A

Kidney with an abnormal position, such as in the pelvis or near the diaphragm

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10
Q

What is a kidney growing in the pelvis called?

A

Pelvic kidney

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11
Q

What is a kidney near the diaphragm called?

A

Intrathoracic kidney

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12
Q

What is crossed ectopia?

A

An ectopic kidney that lies on the same side as the normal kidney and is commonly fused

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13
Q

What is a horseshoe fusion?

A

Kidneys that are fused at the lower poles

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14
Q

What is a complete fusion?

A

A rare anomaly that produces a single irregular mass that has no resemblance to normal renal structure

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15
Q

What are other names for complete fusion kidney?

A

Disk, cake, lump and doughnut kidney

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16
Q

What is the most common type of kidney fusion?

A

Horseshoe fusion

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17
Q

What is duplication (duplex kidney)?

A

A common anomaly that causes a duplication of ureters and ureterovesical orifaces

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18
Q

What can duplication be complicated by?

A

Osbstruction or vesicouretral reflux with infection

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19
Q

What is a ureterocele?

A

A cystic dilation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the bladder

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20
Q

What are the two types of ureterocele?

A

Simple and Ectopic

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21
Q

Where is a simple ureterocele usually found?

A

In adults

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22
Q

Where is a ectopic ureterocele usually found?

A

Almost exclusively in infants and children

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23
Q

What is ectopic ureterocele usually associated with?

A

Urethrea duplication

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24
Q

What are posterior uretral valves?

A

Thin transverse membranes in the urethra that block urine flow in male infants

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25
What can posterior urethra valves cause?
Bladder outlet obstruction and can lead to severe hydronephrosis, hydroureter and renal damage
26
What type of x-ray best demonstrates posterior urethral valves?
VCUG - voiding cystourethrogram
27
What are inflammatory disorders of the urinary system?
- Glomerulonephritis - Pyelonephritis - Renal tuberculosis - Papillary necrosis - Cystitis - Urinary calculi
28
What is Glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys that causes albumin and red blood cells to leak into the urine
29
When does glomerulonephritis normally occur?
On its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes but most commonly several weeks after an acute respiratory ear infection
30
What does glomerulonephritis cause?
Oliguria, which is a smaller than normal amount of urine
31
What is pyelonephritis?
An inflammation of the kidneys and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria
32
What is acute pyelonephritis?
A sudden, severe kidney infection that causes the kidneys to swell and can permanently damage them
33
How is pyelonephritis usually treated?
With antibiotics and with surgery if severe enough
34
What are common features of pyelonephritis in imaging?
Patchy distribution that only affects one kidney
35
Where does pyelonephritis usualy originate in?
Bladder and ascends to the ureter to involve the kidneys
36
What patients is pyelonephritis most common in?
Women and children and patients with obstructions of the urinary tract
37
What are symptoms of pyelonephritis?
High fever, chills, sudden back pain that spreads to the abodome, dysuria (painful urination) and pyuria (pus in urine)
38
What is renal tuberculosis?
A secondary infection that usualy occurs 5-10 years after primary infection and can result in small granulomas in the cortical portion of the kidney
39
What is papillary necrosis?
A destructive process of the kidneys that decreases kidney function and can lead to failure
40
What are predisposing factors of papillary necrosis?
Diabetes, pyelonephritis, UTI, urinary tract obstruction, sickle cell disease and phenacetin abuse
41
What is Cystitis?
An inflammation of the urinary bladder that is caused by the spread of bacteria present in fecal matter
42
Who does cystitis most commonly affect?
Women, due to their shorter urethra
43
What are other causes of cystitis?
Catheterization of the bladder and retrograde flow from a urine bag and sexual intercourse
44
What are symptoms of cystitis?
Frequent urination, urgency and burning sensation, bloody urine, bad smell of urine
45
What is the most common nosocomial urinary infection?
Cystitis
46
What is urinary calculi?
Kidney stones that most commonly form in the kidneys
47
What are the causes of kidney stones?
Underlying metabolic abnormlaity (hypercalcemia), any cause of increased calcium excretion in the urine, urinary stasis and infection
48
When do kidney stones produce issues?
When they are lodged in the ureter and cause partial obstruction
49
What are types of Cysts and tumors of the urinary system?
- Renal cysts - Polycystic kidney disease - Renal Carcinoma - Wilms tumor - Carcinoma of the bladder
50
What are renal cysts?
The most common unifocal mass of the kidney that are fluid filled and usually unilocular
51
What is polycystic kidney disease?
An inherited disorder in which multiple cysts cause enlargement of the kidneys and progressive impairment
52
What do 1/3 of patients with polycystic kidney disease also have?
Liver cysts
53
What do 10% of people with polycystic kidney disease have?
One or more saccular (berry) aneurysms of cerebral arteries that can rupture
54
What other conditions usually affect patients with polycystic kidney disease?
Hypertension
55
What is renal carcinoma?
Also known as Hypernephroma and is the most common renal neoplasm
56
What patients is hypernephroma common in?
Patients older than 40 years old
57
Where does hypernephroma originate in?
In tubercular epithelia of the renal cortex
58
What is the classic symptom triad of hypernephroma?
- Hematuria - Flank pain - Palpable abdominal mass
59
What are the stages of renal carcinoma?
Stage 1: Less than 7 cm Stage 2: Greater than 7 cm Stage 3: Spread to Gerota's fascia Stage 4: Spread to lymph nodes and other organs
60
What is a Wilms tumor?
Nephroblastoma and is the most common abdominal neoplasm of infants and childhood
61
Where does a wilms tumor arise from?
Embryonic renal tissue
62
What is carcinoma of the bladder?
The 4th most common cancer in men over the age of 50 that originates in the epithelium
63
What are predisposing factors of carcinoma of the bladder?
Industrial chemicals and cigarette smoking
64
What is renal vein thrombosis?
A rare disease that occurs when a protein called amyloid builds up in organs and causes them not to work properly
65
What patients does renal vein thrombosis occur most in?
Children who are severly dehydrated
66
What modality best diagnosis renal vein thrombosis?
MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) which detects abnormally strong signal from the reanl veins
67
In adults, what is renal vein thrombosis most often a complication of?
Chronic glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, pyelonephritis, trauma, thrombus extension from IVC, renal tumors
68
What is acute renal failure?
A rapid deterioration in kidney function that is the result of accumulation of nitrogen-containing wastes in the blood
69
What are the characterisitics of acute renal failure?
Urine-like odor or fishy breath
70
What are the two types of acute renal failure?
Prerenal and postrenal
71
What are prerenal causes?
Decreased blood flow to kidney, cardiac failure and renal artery obstruction
72
What are postrenal causes?
Urine outflow obstruction from both kidneys from prostatic disease or functional obstruction of the bladder neck
73
What are other causes of acute renal failure?
Kidney disease, nephrotoxic agents, intravascular hemolysis, large amounts of myoglobin in the circulation from muscle trauma
74
How does Chronic renal failure reflect?
Prerenal, postrenal or intrinsic kidney disease
75
What are causes of chronic renal failure?
- Bilateral renal artery stenosis - Bilateral ureteral obstruction - Intrinsic renal disorders like chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis and familial cystic diseases

Pathology (10 decks)

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