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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 65 > Flashcards

Lecture 65 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit regulates functions of what 3 glands

A

thyroid, adrenal, reproductive glands

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2
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit controls s growth, _______, and osmo _______

A

milk production/ejection; osmoregulation

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3
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit: What kind of connects are there

A

Neural and vascular connections

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4
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit: Hormones produced by hypothalamus stimulate/inhibit release of hormones by

A

pituitary (particularly anterior poriton)

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5
Q

List the 2 lobes of the Pituitary

A

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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6
Q

The stalk connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is called the

A

Infundibulum

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7
Q

Anterior lobe of pituitary lobe is called the

A

adenohypophysis

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8
Q

Posterior lobe of pituitary lobe is called the

A

neurohypophysis

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9
Q

what are the parts of the adenohypophysis

A
  • pars tuberalis- in infundibular stalk
  • pars intermedia
  • pars distalis
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10
Q

what are the parts of the neurohypophysis

A

pars nervosa and infundibular stalk

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11
Q

Hypothalamic functions coordinated key functions such as

A

thirst, appetite, temperature regulation, autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

List some factors that influence the hypothalamus

A

Pain, sleep, emotions (fear, rage), olfactory, light, thoughts

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13
Q

List some Neurotransmitters that influence the hypothalamus

A

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, GABA, _-endorphin

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14
Q

T/F the hypothalamus is randomly responding to information from areas like heart, repro, or GIT

A

F; constantly responding

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15
Q

Pituitary sits beneath hypothalamus in the _______

A

sella turcica (bone socket)

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16
Q

what part of the pituitary contains neurons descending from hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular areas)

A

Posterior pituitary

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17
Q

(neurohypophysis)

A
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18
Q

what part of the pituitary is derived from neural tissue

A

Posterior pituitary

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19
Q

(neurohypophysis)

A
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20
Q

Posterior pituitary

A
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21
Q

(neurohypophysis): Hormones synthesized in hypothalamus and transported down axons secreted in the posterior as neuropeptides at the _______

A

Capillary plexus

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22
Q

what part of the pituitary is derived from primitive foregut tissue

A

Anterior pituitary

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23
Q

(adenohypophysis)

A
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24
Q

Hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate anterior pituitary function released from

A

terminal axons at the median eminence(where neurons end)

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25
what two types of hormones regulate anterior pituitary function
Hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones
26
Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) have what and what hypophysial portal vessels
Long (located at median eminence) & short (located at lower infundibular stem) **DOES NOT GO TO GENERAL CIRCULATION**
27
Anterior pituitary is a collection of _______ cells
endocrine
28
Connection at the Anterior pituitary is both _______ and _______
neural and endocrine
29
What is the blood supply to the Anterior pituitary
venous blood directly from hypothalamus via portal system of capillaries
30
Hypothalamic hormones _______ what to anterior pituitary in _______ concentration
directly; high
31
Hypothalamic hormonesgenerally don't appear in what
systemic circulation
32
Releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus released into hypophyseal portal veins at
median eminence
33
Hypothalamic hormone: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) stimulates
Anterior pituitary hormone: thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) & prolactin
34
Hypothalamic hormone: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) stimulates
Anterior pituitary hormone: luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
35
Hypothalamic hormone: Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH) stimulates
Anterior pituitary hormone: adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
36
Hypothalamic hormone: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates
Anterior pituitary hormone: growth hormone (GH)
37
Hypothalamic hormone: Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) inhibits
Anterior pituitary hormone: GH, prolactin
38
Hypothalamic hormone: Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) stimulates
Anterior pituitary hormone: prolactin
39
Hypothalamic hormone: Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor) inhibits
Anterior pituitary hormone: prolactin (primary inhibitor of prolactin), ACTH
40
Hypothalamic hormone: Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor) stimulates
Anterior pituitary hormone: GH
41
_______ is the release point for hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus with ultimate release from posterior pituitary
capillary plexus
42
Trophic cells of the anterior pituitary include (5) and where do they "aggregate"
Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs, Corticotrophs, Somatotrophs, Lactotrophs; aggregate in regions within the anterior pituitary
43
Trophic cells of the anterior pituitary: Secretion of hormones is what in response to hypothalamic hormones. Some may have what variation
episodic (release of hormones or other biological signals in bursts or pulses rather than in a steady); diurnal (more in morning)
44
Somatotrophs make what hormone product
growth hormone
45
Lactotrophs make what hormone product
prolactin
46
Corticotrophs make what hormone product
corticotropin
47
Thyrotrophs make what hormone product
TSH and free alpha subunit
48
Gonadotrophs make what hormone product
FSH, LH, free alpha subunit
49
anterior pituitary hormone: TSH goes to what target tissue
Thyroid gland (T3, T4)
50
anterior pituitary hormone: LH goes to what target tissue
Gonads (testosterone, estrogen)
51
anterior pituitary hormone: ACTH goes to what target tissue
Adrenal glands (cortisol)
52
anterior pituitary hormone: GH goes to what target tissue
All tissues (muscle, adipose, etc)
53
anterior pituitary hormone: Prolactin goes to what target tissue
Mammary glands and gonads
54
anterior pituitary hormone: FSH goes to what target tissue
gonads
55
Regulation of thyrotroph secretion (TSH): Stimulators of TSH
TRH (from hypothalamus) and Decreases in T3, T4
56
Is T3 or T4 the active form? Which is more potent
T3
57
what is the stimulus for the hypothalamus to secrete TRH
thermal and caloric signals
58
Regulation of thyrotroph secretion (TSH): Inhibitors of TSH
Dopamine, Somatostatin, Increases in T3, T4
59
what hormone stimulates Gh secretion
Dopamine
60
ACTH initially secreted as
pre-pro-hormone Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
61
ACTH intermediate
pro-hormone
62
T/F Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gives rise to multiple hormones it just depends on route and enzyme
T; main one is ACTH
63
(also melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
64
Regulation of corticotroph secretion (ACTH): Stimulators of ACTH
CRH, Decrease in cortisol, ADH, Stress
65
How does ADH stimulate ACTH
modulates the release of ACTH to affect cortisol release in response to stress, particularly pregnancy and lactation
66
Regulation of corticotroph secretion (ACTH): Inhibitors of ACTH
Increase in cortisol, ACTH, Somatostatin, Dopamine
67
neurons controlling release of dopamine can be lost in _______ disease relative to horses
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) horses
68
what area is responsible for the secretion of ACTH in horses? in dogs?
Horse its thepars intermedia of anterior pituitary; Dog its the pars distalis of anterior pituitary
69
T/F in normal circumstances dopamine inhibits ACTH (tonic)
T
70
In PPID, neurons control the release of dopamine degenerate and what happens to ACTH
inhibition of ACTH is lost (cells producing ACTH are hyperactive)
71
Regulation of gonadotrophic hormones: LH and FSH regulate development, growth, _______ processes and sex steroid hormone secretion of the gonads of _______
reproductive maturation; either sex
72
Regulation of gonadotrophic hormones: Stimulators
GnRH, Activin (stimulates FSH secretion), Pheromones
73
Regulation of gonadotrophic hormones:
74
Gonadotrophin Inhibitors
Testosterone, Estrogen, Inhibin, Melatonin
75
Regulation of lactotroph secretion: what stimulates mammary gland development/ milk production and inhibits GnRH
Prolactin
76
Regulation of lactotroph secretion: Stimulators
TRH, Estrogen, Suckling, PRF
77
Regulation of lactotroph secretion: Inhibitors
Dopamine, Somatostatin, Prolactin
78
Regulation of lactotroph secretion: In this case, where does dopamine originate from
hypothalamus and secreted onto median eminence
79
Regulation of lactotroph secretion: Tonic inhibition of Dopamine in individuals who are NOT _______ or _______
pregnant or lactating
80
do we know much about PRF yet
nope
81
what inhibitor is lost in PPID in horses
DOPAMINE!!

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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