Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 73 > Flashcards

Lecture 73 Flashcards

1
Q

Many physiological processes depend on ____________ and ____________ availability

A

Ca and P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Regulatory system to maintain extracellular fluid levels of Ca and P include:

A
  • Vit D
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • calcitonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Processes in which Ca is involved

A

neurotransmission, Learning and memory, muscle contraction, mitosis, mobility, secretion, fertilization, blood clotting, structure of bones and teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is Ca higher extracellularly or intracellularly

A

extracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how much calcium is ionized (free form)

A

50 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is Ca conc higher extracellularly?

A

Membranes are very impermeable to Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How much calcium is bound (albumin, proteins) calcium?

A

40 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

We need ionized Ca to remain in normal range (50%). This depends on pH. If pH is low acidosis can cause ____________ to Ca?

A

Increases ionized Ca channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complexed calcium (anions: phosphate and bicarb) is how much of calcium

A

10 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intracellular Ca has a lower ?

A

Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytosolic (intracellular) Ca can be increased as need-

A

fine balance of control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If Ca intake goes down, body adjust by increasing?

A

Percentage of Ca absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ca-sensing by Ca receptors on endocrine cells is involved in?

A

Ca homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____________ is hypocalcemia?

A

Low calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____________ is a common cause of hypocalcemia in animals?

A
  • Lactation
  • parathyroid and Vit D disorders
  • gut metabolism
  • renal failure
  • ethylone glycol toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Twitching/cramping of skeletal muscles and numbness/tingling, seizures can be due to?

A

Hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Low or high levels of plasma Ca is talking about?

A

Ionized Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Increased in plasma Ca (ionized Ca)

A

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, coma and death can be caused due to?

A

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

____________ can cause Hypercalcemia?

A

Parathyroid disorders and Vit D toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Changes in plasma protein concentration can alter?

A

Ca in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

____________ can lead to altering Ca in plasma?

A

Changes in protein concentrations, complexing anion concentration and acid-base disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Change the fraction of Ca bound to plasma albumin

A

Acid-base disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Albumin can bind ____________ or ____________ ions

A

H+, Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
more H ions in blood, more H ions bound to albumin, free ionized Ca increases. ____________ is this?
Acidemia
26
Acidemia can cause?
hypercalcemia
27
Less h ions in blood, more Ca bind to albumin, ionized Ca in blood decreases. ____________ is this?
Alkalemia
28
Alkalemia can lead to?
Hypocalcemia
29
interaction of bone, kidney, and intestines, plus parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vit D
Calcium homeostasis
30
bone is constantly remodeled so Ca can be ____________ from blood
released or absorbed
31
____________ stimulates bone resorption of Ca
Parathyroid hormone and Vit D
32
____________ inhibits bone resorption of Ca?
Calcitonin
33
intestine will absorb Ca but the amount is regulated by?
Vitamin D
34
Absorption of Ca in the intestines decreases/increases with age
Decreases
35
Excess Ca in the diet is excreted where?
Shit
36
Kidneys reabsorb Ca- which is regulated by?
PTH
37
98% of filtered Ca is reabsorbed where?
Kidney
38
____________ is a component of ATP, various cofactors, lipids, RNA, DNA and bone
Phosphate
39
Percentage of phosphate absorbed from the diet is ____________
constant
40
Phosphate helps to balance many?
Cations
41
How is regulation of P balance maintained
urinary excretion
42
where is phosphate stored?
Muscles
43
necessary for neuromuscular transmission
Magnesium
44
Magnesium is a cofactor in ____________ reactions
enzyme
45
Dietary Mg absorbed by gut and is ____________ by vit D
enhanced
46
Where is Mg excreted?
Urine
47
How many parathyroid glands are there and ____________ do they contain?
4 parathyroid glands. Contain chief cells and oxyphil cells
48
Chief cells are a source of?
ATP
49
PTH sustain/increases ____________
plasma Ca
50
PTH stimulates an increase in Ca so it stimulates
reabsorption in bone and kidney
51
PTH decreases/prevents increase in ____________
Plasma P
52
PTH causes ____________ to happen with phosphorus?
Increase phosphorus excretion in kidneys
53
Ca receptors on parathyroid cells are activated when plasma Ca levels ____________
Falls
54
When plasma Ca is high ____________ is inhibited?
Ca receptor on parathyroid cells (causes degradation of granules)
55
Increased blood phosphate increases PTH secretion via ____________
P receptor
56
PTH also stimulates vitamin D synthesis. Vit D feed back to PTH to?
inhibit PTH
57
____________ are stimulators of PTH release?
Decreased blood Ca, Increased blood phosphate, Decreased Mg
58
When Vit D inhibits PTH release ____________ does this cause?
Increases blood Ca
59
PTH binds to plasma membrane receptors and activates ____________
G-protein/cAMP
60
____________ does PTH target?
Bones, kidneys and intestines
61
A decrease in plasma Ca concentration leads to an increase in?
PTH secretion
62
PTH ____________ bone resorption to release Ca and P into blood
Increases
63
PTH stimulates Ca reabsorption in ____________ in the kidneys
Distal convoluted tubule
64
PTH inhibits phosphate reabsorption in ____________ of kidneys thus causing P excretion in urine
Proximal convoluted tubules
65
PTH increases Mg reabsorption in the ____________
Kidneys
66
PTH stimulates vit D ____________
synthesis in the kidney
67
PTH increases Ca absorption from intestines via
Vitamin D
68
caused by benign tumor or hyperplasia of one or both parathyroid glands
Hyperparathyroidism
69
____________ is the primary form of hyperparathyroidism
benign tumor or hyperplasia
70
An increase of PTH, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, renal calculi and bone pain and fractures are clinical signs of ____________?
Benign tumor or hyperplasia in parathyroid gland
71
Caused by increased phosphate in blood, which precipitates Ca result in hypocalcemia - causes secondary increase in PTH
Secondary form of hyperparathyroidism
72
Secondary form of hyperparathyroidism : increased phosphate in blood, which precipitates Ca result in hypocalcemia CAUSES?
secondary increase in PTH
73
Secondary form of hyperparathyroidism may results from?
Renal failure or increased dietary phosphate
74
Accidental surgical removal, autoimmune destruction and idiopathic may cause?
Hypoparathyroidism
75
Hypoparathyroidism results in?
Decreased PTH, Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
76
Synthesized as preprohormone by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
Calcitonin
77
Calcitonin decreases blood Ca and P by?
inhibiting bone resorption, increasing urinary P excretion, inhibiting renal reabsorption of Ca
78
Increased blood Ca, Vitamin D (via feedback), ingested food are stimulators for
Simulators of calcitonin
79
Stimulators of calcitonin: Vit D (via feedback) why is this a stimulator of calcitonin?
No need for release from bone or to reabsorb via kidneys
80
Required for bone formation and increases Ca absorption from GIT
Synthesis of Vit D
81
Vitamin D is synthesized from hormones and vitamin from diet. ____________ vit D is synthesized and ____________ is from the diet?
Synthesized (D3) and Diet (D2 or D3)
82
Synthesized Vit D in skin: precursor is
7-dehydroxyvitamin D
83
After synthesis or absorption of Vit D in gut it goes to the
Liver
84
In the liver Vit D is converted to
25-hydroxyvitamin D
85
25-hydroxyvitamin D does to the kideny and most is converted to ?
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D
86
intermediates and active vit D circulates bound to?
protein carriers
87
Vitamin D is _______ so can be stored in liver and adipose
Fat-soluble
88
Toxicity of vitamin D results in _________________________
hypercalcemia, renal failure, elevated phosphate (soft tissue calcification)
89
Metabolism of vit D is excreted in
Bile
90
Most actions of vit D happens in
intestine
91
Vit D stimulates Ca absorption of calbindin and stimulates absorption of?
Mg and phosphate in intestine
92
Vit D weakly stimulates ____________ reabsorption in kidneys
Ca and P
93
Calcium absorption can be
active or passive
94
Active, transcellular process dominates when _________
Ca intake low
95
Passive absorption (jejunum and ileum), paracellular proces dominates
Ca intake high
96
Active, transcellular process requires
Vit D
97
Vitamine D acts through cytosolic receptor and increases ___________
production of calbindin
98
Calbindin binds ca inside cells and facilitates transports to ________
Basolateral membrane
99
Vit D stimulates bone resorption in presence of ?
PTH
100
Vit D Increases Ca transport and uptake by SR in
skeletal muscles
101
VIT D ___________ PTH synthesis
Decreases
102
Muscle weakness, abnormal contractions, rickets, bone fractures and cardiac dysfunction is a result of?
Deficiency of Vit D

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions