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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 74 > Flashcards

Lecture 74 Flashcards

1
Q

Major role in regulation of sleep and wakefullness

A

Melatonin

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2
Q

Melatonin is produced by the _______ located behind the 3rd ventricle

A

Pineal gland

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3
Q

Melatonin is synthesized from _______ with serotonin as an intermediate

A

Tryptophan

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4
Q

_______ kind of light suppresses melatonin?

A

Blue light

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5
Q

Blue light is photic information from the retina transmitted to hypothalamus and SNS via the _______ then to pineal gland

A

Supra-chiasmatic nucleus

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6
Q

Secretion of melatonin is regulated by _______?

A

Light

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7
Q

Melatonin is stimulated by?

A

Darkness

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8
Q

Melatonin is inhibited by?

A

Light

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9
Q

In the darkness retinal photoreceptors release norepinephrine, which activates _______ in the pineal gland

A

Beta adrenergic receptors

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10
Q

In the darkness _______ is converted to melatonin

A

Serotonin

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11
Q

Retinal photoreceptor cells become _______ in the light which inhibits release of norepinephrine

A

Hyperpolarized

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12
Q

Can blind animals still have light-induced suppression of melatonin?

A

YES

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13
Q

Circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion is controlled by _______ in the supra-chiasmatic nucleus

A

endogenous pacemaker

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14
Q

T/F: environmental lighting does not alter timing of circadian rhythm

A

F

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15
Q

Day light cycles can modify?

A

timing of circadian rhythm

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16
Q

brief _______ of light suppress melatonin

A

pulses

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17
Q

When is the peak secretion of melatonin?

A

around 2-4 am

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18
Q

Shifts in melatonin secretion after flights across time zones and night shift works can?

A

After melatonin and circadian rhythm

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19
Q

Melatonin increases until _______ age then it declines?

A

1-3 yrs old

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20
Q

Melatonin activates _______ and _______ receptors

A

MT1, MT2

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21
Q

sleep, circadian rhythm, mood, sexual maturation, reproduction, anti-inflammatory, cancer and aging. _______ regulates/ affects these?

A

Actions of melatonin

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22
Q

Melatonin affects speed of falling asleep and duration?

A

quality of sleep

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23
Q

Abnormal circadian rhythms are implicated in

A

mood disorders

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24
Q

Bright-light therapy can _______ depression and help seasonal affective disorder

A

decrease

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25
Hours of darkness/season linked to
reproductive activity
26
In mares and their estrus cycle melatonin _______ during long winter nights
increases
27
In the spring melatonin decreases which increases _______ in mares?
GnRH
28
Decreases in melatonin at puberty activates _______?
Pituitary gonadal axis
29
Melatonin can affect _______ synthesis and modulate ovarian function
Sex steroid hormone
30
The ovaries have _______ for melatonin which can stimulate progesterone synthesis
receptors
31
Melatonin can be used to treat _______ in dogs
Alopecia X
32
Melatonin may decrease GnRH in dogs with alopecia which decreases LH/FSH effects on
adrenal androgen precursors
33
Melatonin can decrease anxiety and?
seizure activity
34
Melatonin has short-term side effects such as?
Sedation and incoordination
35
Group of signaling molecules synthesized by oxidation of 20-carbon essential fatty acids (EFA)
Eicosanoids
36
Omega-3 EFAs yield eicosapentaenoic acid which is _______ inflammatory
LESS
37
Omega-6 EFAs yield arachidonic acid- _______ inflammatory
PRO
38
Omega-3 FA yield?
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
39
Omega-3 FA yield eicosapentaenoic acid which has how many bonds?
5 double bonds
40
Omega-3 FA yield eicosapentaenoic acid is used to synthesize?
Prostanoids with 3 double bonds and leukotrienes with 5 double bonds
41
Prostanoids with _______ bonds synthesized by eicosapentaenoic acid
3 double
42
Leukotrienes with _______ bonds synthesized by eicosapentaenoic acid
5 double
43
Omega-6 FAs yield?
Arachidonic acid
44
Omega-6 FAs yield Arachidonic acid with _______
4 double bonds
45
Omega-6 FAs yield Arachidonic acid synthesize prostanoids with _______
2 double bonds
46
Omega-6 FAs yield Arachidonic acid synthesize leukotrienes with _______
4 double bonds
47
eicosapentaenoic acid form mostly
prostanoids
48
eicosapentaenoic acid major function?
Dampen inflammatory effects of arachidonic acid prostanoids
49
Arachidonic acid mostly form _______ prostanoids?
Prostaglandins (PG), Prostacyclins (PGI), Thromboxanes (TX)
50
Arachidonic acid mostly form _______?
Prostanoids, Leukotrienes (LTs ), Lipoxins (LXs)
51
Arachidonic acid overall effects?
Stimulate inflammatory responses, modulate pain and fever, repro functions, inhibit gastric acid secretion, blood pressure regulation, Platelet activation/inhibition
52
_______ are the dietary precursors for arachidonic acid?
Linoleic acid (18 C EFA) and Gamma linolenic acid
53
Cats cant convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid due to ?
Low 6-desaturase enzyme
54
_______ releases arachidonic acid from phospholipids in cell membrane
Phospholipase A2
55
Arachidonic acid will be oxygenated by:
Cyclooxygenase and Lipooxygenase
56
Cyclooxygenase (COX 1 and COX 2) to make
prostanoids
57
lipoxygenase (5LOX) to make
leukotrines
58
Major prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid
PGE2, PHI2 and TXA2
59
Major actions of prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid include local hormones with
autocrine and paracrine action
60
Major actions of prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid have a _______ half life
short
61
Major actions of prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid are mediated by
specific receptors and inflammation
62
smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, pain, heat and fever
PGE2
63
Vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation
PGI2
64
Vasoconstriction, stimulate platelet aggregation
TXA2
65
NSAIDS can inhibit _______?
Prostanoid formation
66
NSAIDS that inhibit COX1 and COX2
aspirin, carprofen, ibuprofen etc.
67
NSAIDS that inhibit only COX2 have
Less side effects (Firocoxib, previcox, meloxicam, metacam, etc.)

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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