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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > lecture 63 > Flashcards

lecture 63 Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine system works in concert with what other system to maintain homeostasis

A

the nervous system

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2
Q

what are some of the things the endocrine system regulates/ aids with

A
  • growth/ development
  • reproduction
  • blood pressure
  • ion concentrations
  • behavior
  • aging
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3
Q

Hormones: most are synthesized in, and secreted by what

A

glands

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4
Q

chemical that is secreted into circulation in small amounts that will be delivered to tissues is called a what

A

hormone

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5
Q

Are all hormones synthesized/ secreted by glands?

A

NO! The exception is GIT hormones secreted by clusters of endocrine cells, some made in hypothalamus, placenta, kidney

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6
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: Both secrete substances into what

A

blood

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7
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: T/F Some molecules are BOTH neurotransmitters and hormones

A

T it depends on where is it is released

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8
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: Mechanism of action for hormones and neurotransmitters requires a specific what

A

receptor

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9
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: Similar processes of _______ of granules and _______ vesicle

A

exocytosis; synaptic

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10
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: T/F Both systems may respond to same stimuli

A

T

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11
Q

Ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions

A

Homeostasis

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12
Q

Homeostasis is described as what kind of equilibrium? What does this mean?

A

Dynamic equilibrium; occurs constantly (as changes occur, body works to maintain uniform conditions)

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13
Q

Homeostasis: Involves what 3 mechanisms to restore and maintain homeostasis

A

Receptor, Control center, Effector

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14
Q

Is this receptor, control center, or effector: Receives info that something is changing

A

receptor

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15
Q

Is this receptor, control center, or effector: receives and processes information

A

control center

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16
Q

Is this receptor, control center, or effector: responds to commands of the control center (will either enhance or oppose)

A

effector

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17
Q

what is another name for the control center

A

Integration center

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18
Q

Homeostasis uses a _______________ loop

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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19
Q

what does it mean to be a negative feedback loop

A

system responds in a way to REVERSE the direction of change (example: breathing- CO2 increases, lungs will increase activity to release more CO2)

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20
Q

is homeostasis maintained during illness/disease

A

NO

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21
Q

T/F Positive feedback does result in homeostasis

A

F; does not

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22
Q

what does positive feedback mean

A

Amplifies change in variable such as blood clotting, parturition

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23
Q

what are some of the pathways that alter homeostasis

A
  • Nutrition
  • toxins
  • psychological
  • physical
  • genetic
  • medical
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24
Q

Hormone signaling pathways: Hormone that travel a long distance in the blood is referred to as a _____________

A

Endocrine/telecrine

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25
Hormone signaling pathways: a hormone that is secreted by neuron into blood
Neurocrine
26
Hormone signaling pathways: exerts effects ON SELF or very, very close identical cell
Autocrine
27
Hormone signaling pathways: close to target, usually within the same tissue, diffusion through interstitial fluid
Paracrine
28
T/F autocrines and paracrines enter the blood
F; not in blood
29
regarding homeostasis, what would be considered the effector, contron center, and receptor in maintenance of arterial blood pressure
* effector is the heart * medulla oblongata is the control center * baroreceptors is the receptor
30
Hormone classifications: structure varies across species (ex. growth hormone), uses amino acids
Peptides & proteins
31
Hormone classifications: structure is conserved across species & cholesterol is used to synthesize
Steroids
32
Hormone classifications: These are derived from tyrosine
Amines
33
Hormone classifications: these are derived from fatty acids
Eicosanoids
34
Hormone classifications is based on
structure
35
what are some examples of peptide/protein hormones
* Insulin * growth factors * growth hormone * parathyroid hormone * thyroid-stimulating hormone * antidiuretic hormone
36
peptide/protein hormones are derived from
Amino acids!!
37
Structure of different peptide hormones may be very similar to each other and may only differ by a what
side chain
38
Structure of different peptide hormones may be very similar to each other and may only differ by a side chain this allows for
similar hormones to act on multiple receptors
39
explain how different peptide hormones can act on multiple receptors like Growth factor and insulin
Growth factor hormones can act on insulin receptors because structure is similar but it will not be as potent
40
Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: First, mRNA is transcribed and travels to cytoplasm, what is next
Message is translated on ribosome
41
Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: once message is translated on ribosome, what happens next
Product is preprohormone & is now transferred to ER
42
Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: after Product is preprohormone & is now transferred to ER, what happens next
Signal peptide degraded in ER (results in prohormone, now transferred to Golgi)
43
Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: Signal peptide degraded in ER (results in prohormone, now transferred to Golgi), what can happen from here
undergo more processing (cleavage, add groups, or combine with other subunits) OR packages into secretory granule
44
Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: what happens when endocrine cell stimulated
granule contents released
45
Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: what is the purpose of the prohormone
it is information for proper folding
46
Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: what starts the translation process
signal peptide
47
What is a preprohormone?
signal peptide that is much larger than the actual hormone that is going to be released
48
T/F Stimulus does not always result in immediate release because transcription/ translation is needed
T; usually hormones are stored in large amounts
49
What are synthesized using tyrosine and known to have a fast release
Catecholamines
50
what type of hormone is synthesized from tyrosine and iodide & stored in a follicle
Thyroid hormones
51
Thyroid hormones: storage in a follicle is referred to as
thyroglobulin
52
secretion of Thyroid hormones requires that you receive the follicle and release it from what
storage protein (thyroglobulin)
53
what hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and their secretion requires synthesis
Steroid hormones
54
are steroid hormones normally stored in the body
Not usually
55
what hormones are synthesized from arachidonic acid and are usually paracrines with some exceptions
Prostaglandins
56
types of hormones (Catecholamines, thyroid, steroid, prostaglandins) all use a series of what reactions
enzymatic
57
types of hormones (Catecholamines, thyroid, steroid, prostaglandins) perform simple transfer through the what
plasma membrane
58
is neural or feedback mechanisms more common
Feedback mechanisms are more common; Neural mechanisms are less common
59
Stimulation of preganglionic nerve causes release of catecholamine from adrenal medulla is an example of what mechanism
Neural mechanism
60
Feedback mechanisms use what kind of loops
Use long, short, and ultra short feedback loops
61
what is the goal of feedback mechanisms
adjust secretory rates of hormones to maintain homeostasis
62
is this a long, short, and ultra short feedback loop: hormone released from target tissue and feeds back to release point
long feedback loop
63
what are the release points for long, short, and ultra short feedback loops
pituitary or hypothalamus
64
is this a long, short, and ultra short feedback loop: negative feedback from pituitary to hypothalamus
short feedback loop
65
is this a long, short, and ultra short feedback loop: hypothalamic short hormone inhibiting its own secretion
ultra short feedback loop
66
When hormone levels are judged to be adequate or high, further secretion inhibited what kind of feedback is this
Negative feedback via a hormone
67
what is the purpose of a negative feedback via a hormone
ensures we dont make too much hormone
68
When hormone/substrate levels are judged to be inadequate or low, secretion of hormone is stimulated what kind of feedback is this
Negative feedback via a substrate **inhibit insulin when blood glucose is low**
69
is Positive feedback common
no
70
A feature of hormone action causes MORE secretion of the hormone is known as
Positive feedback
71
example of positive feedback: estrogen from ovary then follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH) release from anterior pituitary, what would this lead to using positive feedback
FSH and LH cause MORE estrogen release
72
example of positive feedback: dilation of cervix causes a release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary which causes uterine contractions, would this lead to more or less dilation of the cervix
MORE dilation of cervix

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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