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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 69 > Flashcards

Lecture 69 Flashcards

1
Q

located in the retroperitoneal cavity above each kidney

A

adrenal glands

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2
Q

the adrenal gland consist of two separate glands known as

A

Medulla and cortex

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3
Q

Adrenal cortex produces

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

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4
Q

Adrenal medulla produces __________ neurocrines

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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5
Q

the adrenal medulla is located in the __________ of the gland surrounded by the cortex

A

inner zone

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6
Q

The adrenal medulla receives input from SNS via preganglionic fibers originating in the thoracic spinal cord- considered a

A

specialized sympathetic ganglion

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7
Q

Chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines:

A

EPI and NE

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8
Q

Half life of catecholamines

A

2 minutes

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9
Q

catecholamines are released into blood- medulla has a

A

very dense supply

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10
Q

Epi acts on __________ adrenergic receptors

A

ALL alpha and beta

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11
Q

NE acts on alpha 1 and 2, and

A

Beta-1 receptors

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12
Q

zona reticularis releases

A

androgens

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13
Q

zona fasciculata releases

A

Glucocorticoids

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14
Q

Zona glomerulosa releases

A

mineralocorticoids

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15
Q

catecholamines are

A

water-soluble substances

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16
Q

predominant catecholamine synthesized is __________ (80 percent)

A

Epi

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17
Q

How much NE is released?

A

20 percent

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18
Q

Enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) converts NE to epi under?

A

the influence of cortisol

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19
Q

__________ converts NE to EPI

A

PNMT

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20
Q

Under the influence of cortisol epi is able to reach medulla in increase conc and upregulates

A

PNMT

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21
Q

Epi is stored in granules and released when activated by

A

SNS

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22
Q

All epi originated from

A

Adrenal medulla

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23
Q

Most NE originates from sympathetic nerve terminals and brain

A

only small amount from adrenal medulla

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24
Q

Target tissue of catecholamines:

A

Muscle cells and liver

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25
Most metabolism of catecholamines occurs in
liver and kidneys
26
Alpha 1 receptors activate production of DAG and IP3 leading to an
increase in intracellular calcium ions
27
catecholamines are secreted in response to fight or flight in response to:
Anticipation of danger, trauma, pain etc.
28
Catecholamines increase
heart rate, cardiac output and BP
29
Zona glomerulosa major hormone
Aldosterone
30
Zona fasciculata major hormone
Cortisol in humans, dogs, cats, horses, sheep and cows
31
Corticosterone in rats, mice and rabbits
32
Zona reticularis major hormones
androgen precursors: converted to testosterone and estrogen in peripheral tissues
33
Zona reticularis major hormone DHEA
Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione
34
Zones of adrenal cortex Serve a wide variety of physiological functions including
Blood glucose regulation, pretin turnover, fat metabolism, Na/K/Ca balance, Cardiovascular maintenance
35
Precursor for all steroids is
Cholesterol
36
Cholesterol is from
circulation (diet), some from de novo synthesis
37
Steroids are catalyzed by __________ systems in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
Cytochrome p450
38
First step (rate-limiting) of steroid: Conversion of cholesterol to
pregnenolone
39
Steroid hormone: nothing is stored in the cell so conversion via cholesterol __________ is a critical step
desmolase
40
T/F: All layers of adrenal cortex have cholesterol desmolase
T
41
__________ activates cholesterol desmolase. (irs from anterior pituitary)
ACTH
42
Direction of pathway for steroids depends on presence/absence of enzymes to
Catalyze modifications
43
The zona glomerulosa requires ACTH to simulate cholesterol desmolase and requires
aldosterone synthase
44
Half life of aldosterone
20 mins
45
Aldosterone has a long-term regulation of
blood-pressure
46
Alodsterone exhibits a __________ lowest at midnight and highest before awakening
Diurnal pattern
47
Aldosterone: Primary regulation occurs via changes in ECF volume via
RAAS and changes in blood potassium
48
how is aldosterone transported in the blood
Aldosterone- binding globulin, transcortin, albumin
49
In making aldosterone corticosterone used aldosterone synthase and __________ is required to stimulate it
Angiotensin 2
50
Mediator for regulation of aldosterone is
angiotensin II
51
Decrease in ECF volume causes a decrease in renal blood flow and cause the kidney to increase __________?
Renin
52
Aldosterone stimulates Na reabsorption by kidney to restore
ECF volume
53
aldosterone depolarizes adrenal cells to __________ to stimulate aldosterone secretion
open Ca channels
54
Once the adrenal cells open Ca channels aldosterone secretion increase __________ in the kidneys
K+ excretion
55
Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol. it requires __________ to stimulate cholesterol desmolase
ACTH
56
Zona fasciculata: First step catalyzed by
17 alpha-hydroxylase
57
If 17 alpha-hydroxylase is blocked you can still get
corticosterone (generally no deleterious effects)
58
zona fasciculata: final enzyme in pathway ( 11 beta-hydroxylase) converts __________ to cortisol
11-deoxycortisol
59
half life of cortisol
60-90 mins
60
Cortisol is regulated by
hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis
61
ACTH is released from anterior pituitary and CRH is released by
Hypothalamus
62
how is cortisol transported in blood?
By transcortin
63
Cortisol is metabolized by liver and excreted how?
By kidneys using glucuronides
64
CRH and ACTH pulsatile in humans and peak when?
2 hours before awakening
65
CRH and ACTH is __________ throughout the day for a dog
episodic
66
stimulators of ACTH
stress, hypoglycemia, infections/fever, low cortisol and ADH
67
inhibitors of ACTH
high cortisol, exogenous steroids, somatostatin, dopamine
68
HPA axis of cortisol: Long loop feedback (Minutes) to inhibit
ACTH release (blocks CRH action)
69
Slow feedback of cortisol HPA axis takes __________ to inhibit ACTH synthesis
hours
70
Long loop feedback to block CRH release from
hypothalamus
71
HPA axis of ACTH : __________ inhibits CRH release
short loop feed back
72
administration of __________ creates artificial negative feedback resulting in adrenal gland atrophy
exogenous corticosteroids
73
cortisol binds type II __________receptor in cytosol
glucocorticoid
74
receptor-hormone complex moves into nucleus and binds another receptor on
DNA (DNA response element)
75
Cortisol at tissue level activate
gene transcription and translation

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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